Examining The Guest By Albert Camus English Literature Essay

Examining The Guest By Albert Camus English Literature Essay The modern work I chose to examine was The Guest by Albert Camus. I chose this piece because I felt that it was easy to relate to the sense of isolation that was faced by the character Daru. The political theory and psychology in the piece were self evident as it played a big role on the actions of the character in his lonely state. In my opinion the title The Guest, suggests that there is more than one person that Daru doesnt know about. The main character Daru can be examined to be a self-righteous, trusting, full-hearted person. His caring for the prisoner and actions toward him made him feel like he was doing the right thing to help out a fellow human being. The political theory around this piece can be described as volatile in the sense that it assumes to the reader that a war is about to happen. Then Ill wait for the declaration of war! and there is talk of a forthcoming revolt. bring awareness of the actual political unrest among the two feuding parties, the Algerian French colonial government and the Algerian Arabs. I believe this feud is what places Darus post in such a remote environment. The idea that Daru doesnt know what exactly would be the reason for him having a gun would be further supported by the fact that his shotgun is in his trunk which means he obviously doesnt use it. When Balducci told him that he ought to have it near his bed because if there is an uprising no one is safe, were all in the same boat. I believe he is hinting towards the fact that I think he knows people are following him to retreave the prisoner. I feel that the severe political unrest will begin to happen after the end of the story. The psychological impact involved in Darus isolation was that he was caught up between the legal system that imposed itself on the Arabs family quarrel and his emotions to do right as a man. When Daru said every bit of this disgusts me, and first of all your fellow here. I believe he was fighting with his inner morals which to him were to do the right thing and to not turn the Arab over but in turn, set him free. He doesnt have any problem with his choice in refusing to turn him over and firmly stands by his decision. Instead of taking the prisoner off and setting him free, he wished that the Arab would just run away that way he would be alone with no decision to make. The statement that mans stupid crime revolted him, but to hand him over was contrary to honor supports this entirely. The statement, he could see nothing but the dark yet shining eyes and the animal mouth, in my opinion means that he didnt see the prisoner as a monster or a killer but just as a normal person incapable of murdering another human being. I believe that when Daru was feeding the prisoner and treating him like an actual human being the Arab developed some sort of Stockholm syndrome while in the custody of someone who I believe he grew to trust in a short amount of time. I think that when the prisoner asked Daru if he would come with them to the prison, he knew that his fellow Arabs were following him to get him back. I believe he was trying to protect Daru from what was going to happen. When Daru was walking the Arab south to the nomads where he would be safe, his heart grew heavy and I honestly dont think that Daru wanted him to leave since they formed a very strange and mysterious bond among men. When Daru returned to find the message you handed over our brother. You will pay for this. written on his black board I believe he was unsure why they would be after him considering that he just let their brother go, not only with food but also with money. He finds himself felling misunders tood and what I believe is frightended when he dosent see anyone in sight. The psychological impact in my opinion is greater on the concept of isolation more so than the political theory involed with the character and his struggles. I think the author did a good job dehumanizing the prisoner in an attempt to make Daru seem like he is still alone although someone is there. The imagery and detail also given make it easy to visualize just how alone and torn Daru actually is. I believe that the storys title should be changed from The Guest to The Unseen Guest just to make it play a little more to the psychological aspect of the piece. (words: 1024)

Forensic Pathology as a Career Essay -- Forensic Pathology Careers Med

Forensic Pathology as a Career The career that I researched was forensic pathology. The job of a pathologist is to determine a person’s cause of death by examining tissues and fluids from the body. A forensic pathologist does this as well, but they are trained to examine people who died unexpectedly or violently and to recognize other things that a regular pathologist might not, such as recognizing something as intentional rather than accidental. They have to determine who the person is, the time of death, the manner of death, and if it was accidental, the instruments which caused the death. To get an idea about the patient, the forensic pathologist would first get some information about the person’s past, including their medical history. By having this information, they would know to check if the person’s death was related to a drug overdose, or if unusual chemicals in the body were caused by medications the person was taking and they were related to the cause of death. They would perform an autopsy, looking for things such as toxins in the body, broken skin, evidence of sexual assault, etc., and record their findings and their determined cause of death. Also, as forensic pathologists are trained to interpret methods of injury, they will examine living individuals in cases of suspected rape/sexual assault or child abuse, determining whether the pattern of injuries is consistent with accidental or intentional injuries, usually for law-enforcement purposes only. ... Forensic Pathology as a Career Essay -- Forensic Pathology Careers Med Forensic Pathology as a Career The career that I researched was forensic pathology. The job of a pathologist is to determine a person’s cause of death by examining tissues and fluids from the body. A forensic pathologist does this as well, but they are trained to examine people who died unexpectedly or violently and to recognize other things that a regular pathologist might not, such as recognizing something as intentional rather than accidental. They have to determine who the person is, the time of death, the manner of death, and if it was accidental, the instruments which caused the death. To get an idea about the patient, the forensic pathologist would first get some information about the person’s past, including their medical history. By having this information, they would know to check if the person’s death was related to a drug overdose, or if unusual chemicals in the body were caused by medications the person was taking and they were related to the cause of death. They would perform an autopsy, looking for things such as toxins in the body, broken skin, evidence of sexual assault, etc., and record their findings and their determined cause of death. Also, as forensic pathologists are trained to interpret methods of injury, they will examine living individuals in cases of suspected rape/sexual assault or child abuse, determining whether the pattern of injuries is consistent with accidental or intentional injuries, usually for law-enforcement purposes only. ...

Drug Use and Addiction :: Drug Use and Addiction

Have you ever dealt with the effects of drugs firsthand? A drug is a substance which has a psychological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body. The causes of drug use can vary depending on the person. According to â€Å"Causes and types of narcotic addiction: A Psychosocial View† in the Psychiatric Quarterly it says, â€Å"The causes of drugs stem from the manner of which you were introduced to it whether it be by abnormal curiosity, chance encounters with addicts and narcotic peddlers, or prolonged illness† (Ausubel). So in other words its somewhat bad luck if you become addicted. The effects of drugs can be different in certain people as well whether it be for pleasure or to take away the pain. Most of the effects of drugs occur in the brain, where it increases the level of dopamine at a specific site possibly giving the addict the pleasure they were feigning for (Robbins). I believe I was around the age of six when I started noticing the sign s of my Aunty Wendy becoming extremely skinny and looking somewhat unhealthy. As a child I didn’t know much about drugs except for what your parents and teachers at school tell you which is,â€Å"Just Say No.† The signs of a drug addiction consist of a high craving of drugs with no regard for the way in which it is acquired (Plos). Those signs are exactly the signs she showed in the kitchen that day besides how she physically looked. For awhile my aunt went missing due to drugs and then one day she turned up at the backdoor of my grandpa’s home. As I was playing on the steps of grandparents’ home I recognized my aunt. She was begging to come inside the house. Conveniently, enough, my Aunty Sharon, her sister, was in the kitchen and let her in, but my grandfather quickly put her back outside because he didn’t want her in his house if she was on drugs. Not too long after that day my Aunty Wendy got into trouble with drugs and was sent to rehab. According to â€Å"Drug Addiction Treatment Methods† on Drug-rehabs.com it says, â€Å"There are several types of drug abuse treatment programs. Short-term methods last less than 6 months and include residential therapy, medication therapy, and drug-free outpatient therapy. Longer term treatment may include, for example, methadone maintenance outpatient treatment for opiate addicts and residential therapeutic community treatment† (Drug).

Mariette in Ecstasy Essay -- Literary Review

In the book Mariette in Ecstasy, Rob Hansen paints a story of the extraordinary happening at a priory in upstate New York. His depiction of life in the priory is centered around the newly inducted Mariette Baptiste, the young and beautiful daughter of a local physician, and the disputed events that threaten to tear the priory apart from within. Rob Hansen does an incredible job of placing the reader in the priory for themselves and allowing them to see just what kind of life the sisters live. On Mariette’s first day, the women rise at five o’clock to a ritualized call and response, where Sister Hermance shouts, â€Å"In Jesus Christ, my sisters, let us rise!† and the sisters respond with, â€Å"His holy name be praised!† (Page 5). The women follow a rigorous and regular schedule for the rest of the day. Embedded in their lifestyle are a lot of rituals and intricate tasks, which have been almost completely legitimized by their repetition. The women of the priory also live a highly ascetic life, believing that the hard work performed and simple living conditions in themselves alone can give rise to an experience that is greater than anything achievable through other worldly goals. Mariette herself writes prayerfully, â€Å"Were it necessary to give up all the worldly pleasures of my life to gain one instant of happiness for you, I would do it without hesitation.† (Page 135). The way the sisters go about living their spiritual life has a touch of Peter Berger’s idea of masochism to it as well. In Mariette’s talks with Pà ¨re Marriott, she says, â€Å"as I began to meditate on the crucifixion and Christ’s own trials in this world, I became rapt in thought and I found myself again before Jesus, who was suffering such terrible pain†¦An unquench... ... common problem of theodicy. If God is good, why would he not help his own followers and prevent them from being led astray? The act of calling in a surgeon implies that religion is not â€Å"good† or â€Å"powerful† enough which calls into question the order of things within the priory and even the plausibility structure that has been securely established for so long. Ron Hansen for the most part avoids directly addressing these religious issues; instead Mariette in Ecstasy aligns more with what Mikhail Bakhtin argues a novel is, a presentation of many perspectives. In the end these two perspectives both have their own idea of what the objective truth of the presented world is, and while Ron Hansen avoids directly presenting one side as the one that’s right, his novel brings up the existence of more than one side, which alone is more than many similar religious works do.

Great Improvements Could Come From Mandatory Service

Mandatory military service for all 18-year-old citizens would improve patriotism and discipline within the United States. Furthermore, by mandating military service the country could virtually assure that it would no longer have issues of insufficient troops for conflicts around the world. A mandatory term of military service would also help create a sense of national identity that the United States is lacking. Mandatory military service would also probably contribute to the health of the nation. Finally, mandatory military service would delay the entry of young adults into college, perhaps reducing the number of people who begin college and immediately drop out because they are unclear about their career options. Since the end of the Vietnam conflict, the United States has had mandatory selective service registration for men, but has never instituted registration for women. One of the keys to effectively implementing this program is to make certain that it is applied equally to both sexes. Strangely, this might do more to establish equal rights than the Equal Rights Amendment or pro-women’s movement ever did. Many men seem to resent the idea that women want equal rights in the workplace, but are unwilling to demand equal responsibility for the nation’s safety.   Many men and women feel that if people are going to claim equality than they should face equal lifestyles, so the most important factor of mandatory military service would be that it be for all citizens. Another way to avoid conflict over the mandatory military service idea would be for the service to be mandatory for all citizens. There could not be National Guard exemptions or exemptions for education or any other reason. If any hint of favoritism marred the program, it would lose much of its effectiveness. Obviously, not all people would be fit for combat duty, but everyone would have to be assigned duties according to their abilities. Less physically able soldiers might be assigned to kitchen duty or translating or stateside duties, but everyone should have to serve. Perhaps, given the sheer numbers of recruits that would suddenly be available, people assigned to combat regions could be given shorter terms of service than those who for health reasons or skill reasons could not serve in a combat zone. Finally, once the particulars of the program were ironed out, mandatory military service for every 18-year-old would improve patriotism and discipline within the United States. Currently, many 18-year-olds do not have the discipline necessary to survive a semester of college without parental supervision. Many take for granted the freedoms that have been fought for and won by veterans of previous wars. By making military service mandatory, citizens would be forced to learn to appreciate the way those freedoms came to be. Generally, people appreciate something more if they have to fight to get it. And, the discipline taught in boot camp would help get many people passed the pseudo-weakness currently inherent in American society.   Because of the fear of injury, zero tolerance policies and even anti-bullying propaganda across the country, many American citizens do not have any clue how to be competitive or disciplined. In short, they have allowed to become soft. Putting them all through boot camp would make them stronger individuals and better citizens. One of the drawbacks of the all volunteer military has been the lack of recruits. Several times during the Iraq War the Pentagon has extended the tours of duty of certain soldiers because there were not sufficient replacements available to send in to take their place. With a steady stream of 18-year-olds forced to enter the military, the military could allow all soldiers to serve shorter tours in combat zones and allow the professional military to do their jobs without worrying about the number of soldiers that they have to do the job. In addition, more people might discover that they like military service as a career option. It would allow high school graduates to put aside money for college with a good-paying job, or begin training for a better career. In some ways, the military could replace vocational schools and persons seeking a career in fields traditionally learned in vocational colleges could get on the job training, saving the country on student loans and creating a new, highly trained workforce. One of the most recent factors facing the United States has been the lack of a national identity. Persons from New York often have little in common with people from southern California and there is little shared national identity.   The problem with being a melting pot is that each individual has a person heritage that is not necessarily the same as their neighbor’s. Mandatory military service might help to alleviate this problem without destroying cultural diversity. People would still have their own state or cultural identity, but an entire generation of American citizens would share the experience of military service. Strangers would at least have their military service in common, creating a bond between all citizens of the country. In addition, mandatory military service would probably improve the overall health of the nation.   Instead of a generally obese nation, the youth of the country would at least be required to get in shape long enough to pass basic training. And, if military service was mandatory and there were no exceptions, one of the drawbacks of not passing basic training the first time around could be an extension of their service. For example, if a young smoker could not give up the addiction long enough to pass the running and stamina requirements of basic training, instead of being sent home as a â€Å"wash out†, he would receive remedial training which did not count towards his service commitment. In fact, the service commitment would not begin until basic training was completed, so a person could spend years getting into shape if necessary, but would know that the cost was the delay in getting on with their lives. Finally, mandatory military service would delay the college entrance age, perhaps leading to students who are more prepared for the college experience before investing the time and money in their education. Generally, it is accepted that non-traditional students are more committed to getting their education than the average 18-year-old. If students were forced to have even a two-year mandatory military service, they would be forced to become adults before going to college. As it is, many students entering college are not ready to be on their own. A transition period between living under their parents’ roof and sudden and complete freedom might help students be more prepared for the responsibility of college. In addition, many 18-year-olds entering college for the first time have absolutely no clue what they wasn’t to do with their lives. Many flounder in their first attempt at college and because they are so unprepared for the new lifestyle. Mandatory military service might help people to reach the proper maturity level before going on to college to know what they want to do with their lives. It is likely also to help deal with some of the issues facing college campuses across the country, including alcohol use. By requiring mandatory military service, the overall median age of college students would increase and students might be less attracted to the thrill of underage drinking. It seems unlikely that mandatory military service would be adopted in the United States.   Politicians would not have the gumption to make the changes necessary to the military to make the program work, nor would they be willing to risk political suicide by considering such a thing. Opponents of the draft, including conscientious objectors who fled to other countries when the country last had mandatory military service would not be willing to force people into service. Historians would argue that the country was won by volunteer fighters and that conscription was one of the things Revolutionary War veterans were fighting against. Pacifists would argue that military service somehow contrary to the beliefs of some citizens and the politically correct crowd would try to argue that not everyone should have to serve. Mandatory military service would create the final equality that American citizens have been clamoring for and would improve the health of the nation. Boot camp would help fight the nation’s obesity problems and equal opportunity service would help fight the economic disparity growing in the United States.   The unifying factors of common service would help establish a national identity and increase the patriotism of the average American. Spoiled brat teenagers would learn to appreciate the things that they have been allowed to take for granted and college campuses would become more civil, adult places where students could study and learn instead of simply enjoying drunken parties. Colleges would be filled with students who were ready and eager to learn and military vocational training could lead to an overall improvement in the job skills of the nation. However, the plan generally goes against every belief in freedom the country was founded on and will never happen.

The global financial system

The global financial carcass is experiencing brinking and financial uplift commonly referred to as the extension crunch that is said to be due to the pricking of a great debt bubble, (Peston, 2009). There is no standard interpretation of the reference book crunch however, a denotation crunch is generally described as an economic condition in which investing capital is rugged to obtain (Invetopedia 2009). shew of reference crunches take up been observed to follow recessions and do knockoutly stifle economic return through decreased capital liquid state thereby reducing productive heavenss mightiness to borrow.When this situation arises, companies be non able-bodied to borrow in rescript to expand their operations and umpteen whitethorn cease production whole thereby outcomeing in bankruptcies. When such a situation arises, unemployment increases, homes are lost, banks close go across and governments are forced to step in to need the crisis, in most cases with curb success in the short run. This is not the first time that such a crisis has occurred. Records show that there was a crisis as early as 1622 and between eighteenth and 20th sixty two banking and financial crashes have been experienced (Henley 2007).Among the chief recognize crunches that in like mannerk place in the 20th century are the Wall Street in the year 1929 and the Japanese financial turmoil in 1990s. Genesis of the crisis The genesis of the debt crisis is part due to imprudent lending. An observation do by Liu (2008 p9), an individual with come out a strain or reliable in fuck and poor ascribe history fastens a owe from a bank. That borrowers debt is partly sold to an other(prenominal) bank that partly carry ons that debt to another bank that partly sells that debt to another bank perchance a foreign bank. When the borrower fails to pay, all these banks get affected.In the scourt that many such borrowers are involved banks go forth have a liquid cr isis and will not be able to lend to needy customers thereby setting in motion a doctrine crunch. Britain as example AS stated above, massive borrowing and judicious lending is viewed as the major occasion of the credit crunch and the situation is do worse when the m iodiney is from foreign countries. For Britain, if one aggregates together the consumer, private and public-sector debt, ratio of Britains borrowings to her annual economic output is estimated at over 300%, roughly GBP 40000 bn Peston (2009 p1).Households borrowed as well much GBP 1200bn on mortgages alone. Gross foreign current liabilities of Britain banks rose from GBP 1 cytosine bn in 1997 to GBP 4400 bn 2008. That is leash times the size of Britains annual economic output. Most of this cash were the nest egg from foreign country banks notably China, other Asian countries and the Middle East that were utilise to barter for foreign currency assets in Britain, but the British used this to buy. The savings that were used to buy assets in Britain were do the poorly paid workers in those countries. The tilting of the economic balance could not be keep up for ever.A return to equilibrium to a more(prenominal) balanced global preservation had to come to pass at some point and this is currently what is accident with the western economies USA, Britain and others getting the pinch (Peston 2009) Credit crunch in the United States Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of Chinese Central Bank said, Over-consumption and a richly reliance on credit is the master(prenominal) cause of the US financial crisis Peston (2009 p2). Up to 2007, borrowers were financed 100% of the purchase price to buy assets without any serious scrutiny universe done on the ability to pay.The youthful Times of 19 February 20, 2009 reported that the credit crunch in US started direction back in late 1990s. At the beginning of 2000, there was a step-down in the stock market that do the US to slip into recession. This prompt ed the Federal relief Bank to lower engage judge to stimulate the economic growth. Lower interest rank made mortgage payments cheaper and change magnitude demand for homes that lead to the souring of prices. At the same time banks lowered the refinancing rates which consequently lowered the quality of the mortgage but kept on change magnitude and finally led to the commencement of the defaults and unrighteousness in 2006.The financial institutions were not able to balance two things that were simultaneously happening that is the rise in the purchase of assets and the equivalent demand for credit prompting the submission of securitization (Liu 2008 p4). This susceptibility could not be contained, even with the introduction of securitization, resulting inevitably into the bursting of the bubbles. The outcome was the locomote of asset prices that precipitated losses to those who borrowed to buy houses and these accept hedge funds, private equity finds, billionaires corporate raiders, banks and others.The debts started to increase and the need to sell these assets to offset debts drove the prices down resulting in further losses. With banks not being paid, their resources were more and more depleted thereby halting 100% mortgage financing and other loans. This has the matter of driving prices further down that will lead to the contraction of the US miserliness as this vicious circle is skip over to persist into the future. Business loans for the newly complete companies that depend on credit are and will continue to be difficult to access (Tse, et al, 2008).In addition, closing major deals is not proving easy either. The economists predict that the tightening of the credit to drag on the US economy for quite sometime. Size of debt A turn of governments are in the process of formulating sundry(a) policies and measures to be undertaken so as to contain the negative economic and social clashing of the credit crunch. To achieve this, and in order to set in a retrieval mechanism, an estimate of the size of the debt has to be carried out and this is by no means groovy forward.However, a rough calculation of the debt may be estimated by a lingo referred in financial circles, notably by Bank of England, as the customer keep gap (Peston 2009 p3) that is the difference what the US banks have lent and what they have borrowed from households, businesses and institutions that are considered too small to be major players in global financial markets. Conclusion The credit crunch, also known as runniness crisis or squeeze, is as a result of too much borrowing and lending to undeserving individual and institutions especially in the USA and Britain.This squeeze has constrained the banks ability to lend, scared away investors from buying debts thereby drying up money for borrowing. The liquidity crisis has trim back money available to spend by consumers and the business. The credit squeeze has triggered in serious ramifications for the U SA economy, the developed economies and the entire creation in general. Works Cited Henley, J kinsfolk 2007. Show us the Money The Guardian, kinsfolk 19, 2007. useable at http//guardian. co. uk/money/2007/ kinsfolk/19/business accessed on 19 February 2009.Investopedia 2009 Investoprdia cuttings and Articles available at http//www. investopedia. com/ claim/answers/credit-crunch. asp accessed on19 February 2009. Liu, X (2008). CDO and the Credit crush Article presented at Xiamen University. Available at http//ifas. xmu. edu. cn/Article/uploadfiles/200810/200810091551131838 pdf accessed on 19 February 2009. Peston, R (2009). The New Capitalism BBC News. Available at http//www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/16 12_09_news_capitalism. pdf , accessed on 20 February 2009.The New York Times of 19 February 2009. Available at http//topics. nytimes. com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/credit_crisis/index. html accessed on 19 February 2009. Creditcrunch. co. uk, The UK Forum p 1 Published by Credit grind. co. uk. Available at http//www. creditcrunch. co. uk/home/index. php accessed on 21 February 2009. Tse, T. M and Cho, D (2008), Credit Crunch in U. S. Upends Global Markets, The Washington postal service of 9 August 2008 available at http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp accessed on 20 February 2009.

Role of Marketing in the Non-Business Environment

October 2012 -Role of market in the non-business environment since expression extend the im jump on of merchandising by Philip Kotler and Sidney J. Levy was published in 1969 Written by Anthony Chi Yuen CHAN 1 abstractedness Social economical increment all over the departed 40 years has been drastic over the world. From 1970 to 2010, world(prenominal) GDP has grown over 20 times from 3,288 billion USD to 63,064 billion USDi. authorities consumption cost per capita increased from 140 USD to 1,640 USD on global bases. In well developed countries and economic zone ( equal UKii and EU), ocial protection, oecumenical customary function, health c ar, education, and study and in the eeryday eye(predicate) commit and safety account for over 70% of political science total spending. cause the increase of spending in the public firmament? What had been changed to While large measure of money had been spent, what has changed in the public sector to figure the effectivene ss of spending? Private sector managerial techniques, practices and orientations, merchandising st hoboegies and dimensions helped shaping the evolution of public forethought to be much than efficiently and effectively.The purpose of this makeup is to state specific guinea pigs of the adaptation of merchandising heed strategies and tactics at the selected argonas of public work. Particular nerve will illustrate how STP, 4Ps, and 3Ps adopted in the decision making process. Understanding the background of hearty evolution, we will examine how demographic and economic return has driven these trade strategies in these civil op periodte in Hong Kong over the past 40 years. IntroductionEin truth organization, close sector or public services alike, weigh greatly on merchandising strategies and converse to produce their corrects and services. Hong Kong brass has evolved its public communication from stripped-down fundamental interaction to highly involvement in planning, researching, consulting, implementing of the unseasonedfangled regulations and policies. The objectives argon obvious, remedy execution, greater acceptance, less rebellious toward administrative power. subsequently Second World War, Hong Kong was governed by British system.One will not be surprised to go steady Hong Kong transformation from a small fishing village to a modern business and manufacturing city was greatly benefited by immigrating many British public services and companionable charge policies and experiences. At the beginning of the compound rule, many of the applyment and policies were implement through a direct top down approach. British governing at the U. K. assigned Governor to Hong Kong to decide and implemented all policies across the auberge. Minimum communication was say from the Government for promotion of unexampled policies. ommunication. External point of accumulation also put barriers to effective At the 1950s social communication media was v ery limited. The lack of chthoniclying formal communication tools like unseasonedspaper and communicate broadcasting was one of the challenges at the beginning. General cosmos literacy was low also accounted for limitation of communication. As gild improved, education train has risen, government bodily function new policies were demanded to be explained and rationalized before implementation. Modern government communications fox to utilizing all available tradition and modern media. advertizement through multi-lingual newspaper, prime time television publicizing at television, radio broadcasting with advertisement and definition shows public transportation exterior/interior advert mobile call messaging smart phone application internet media (blogs facebook twitters government web sites etc) argon fully utilized to let government communication reaching complicated social sections. Likewise, the internet age of marketing communication channels also promote faster and direct general public feedback be reverted to the concerned government bodies.Privatization of some public services, like parks and garden management, public bea hygiene, and airdrome security management of non-critical zone etc. , influenced the realize of quality services. Service privatization also has a raise influence back to Government to review marketing strategies. As a outgrowth, Hong Kong civil service activities are managed through a more(prenominal) business-like management structure, and mercantile marketing strategy and tactics tight-laced more evidence. We will examine various(a) examples of Government policies and activities where marketing management philosophies are adopted.Mandatory Provident storehouse (MPF) selling as strategy (STP) While social and economic evolution enriched, modern social penurys nice complicated, deeper to expounds, and towards hanker termination stability. Majority of existence has their elemental humanity needs satisf ied, the Government started to consider long term social protection. Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) is designed for custody to plan for retirement life. sooner the implication of the MPF System, only about one-third of the Hong Kong workforce had some form retirement protection.From a marketing strategy point of view, MPF schedule identified the need for retirement save for all workforces. Therefore, any employee, no matter full time or causal, at the age between 18 to 65 is include in the segment. The main target groups deep down this segment are those employee who has no experience nor has knowledge to establish his/her own retirement saving program with fiscal institutes. Therefore, it is required by rightfulness to join requisite retirement saving plan for a minimum saving level per month. For employee who are not in the main target (i. e. apable and willing to contribute more than the minimum saving level), the MPF program has the flexibility to ply non-target group con tributors to put extra money to the obligatory saving level. MPF is a financial saving services that emplacement itself as mass population at a monthly affordable contribution rat e. There are akin retirement saving options offered by other financial institutions, but to the highest degree of them are not targeting mass market. A serial publication of TV commercial were made and aired (for example http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=-DcC1pccSTM) for the promotion of MPF.In the video, it is cl primaeval illustrated the segment, target, and position of this program. In literal (services) vs Tangible (physical) 4Ps Products humankind management is tralatitiously considered to be a service orient sector, and therefore offering intangible convergences. Public security, national health, emergency assistance, education, 3 and legal justice, just to designation a few, are critical services provided by public administrators. Public administration also provides tangible products such as subsided living accommodations, government publication, municipal pissing make out, and subvert trade etc.Public house Strategy 4Ps Price Hong Kong Housing Society and Hong Kong Housing contact offer government subsidized housing for concomitant population segment. Because of the complexity of housing demand and affordability, Government designed four major types of subsidized housing programs. All of these public and subsidized housing program are targeted to different substance debaser groups, and are positioned very differently. Each of the program also has different level of discount rate, either for sale or for rent, when examine with give market value. ange of bars and eligibility criteria. Users are generally subjected to a Each of the pricing structure is evaluated based on target group income and affordability. Market researches are done, and public hearing is held before program reveal to public. Public housing prices are designed to balance user affor dability and at the akin time protect turn over market housing prices stability. Below are the collar four main housing schemet . ? Home will power p heap estates are subsidized sale-to-public housing estates for low-income residents.They are usually built adjacent to or within Public Rental Housing and nearly selfsame(a) in construction. They are managed by the Hong Kong Housing business office and are earmarked for sale to low-income qualifiers at prices which are heavy discounted from market value, and the land value is similarly subsidized. The owe and resale of these units in the second-hand market are likewise cut back to eligible low-income residents. Within a public housing estate training, some blocks whitethorn be designated by the Authority exclusively for rental while others may be earmarked for sale. ?Tenants Purchase Scheme allows existing tenants in the rented public housing program to purchase their flats. The sale prices are fare around 50% to 60% lower than the market prices of private flats due to subsidies and restriction on selling. ? Flat-for-Sale Scheme allows flats under the scheme for sale at concessionary price. ? Sandwich Class Housing Scheme estates were built for sale to lower-middle and middle-income residents, known as the organise class, who did not qualify for low-income public housing in the Home Ownership Scheme but becalm had trouble affording private housing.The quality and market billet of Sandwich Class Housing were significantly higher(prenominal) than public housing estates and comparable to some bourgeoisie private developments. These units were sold at levels that were slightly beneath market value and came with a five-year resale restriction. reason development as new source 4Ps set out Hong Kong has land size at 1,100 square kilometers, and population grown from four million in 4 1970 to 7. 2 million in 2010. That makes Hong Kong one of the close densely populated city in the world. Hong Kong L and Department holds one of the most scared resources, land.Urban development and local economic highly depend on availability of land sales. Therefore, promotion and marketing communication of land planning become change magnitudely in-chief(postnominal) over years. Private sectors as well as general citizen concern about future new land supply as well as timeworn redevelopment zone. Land development as well as land source of land affects spot prices, and the urbanization development planiv. One good recent example is the Geo skillful Engineering Department confirms the technical capability of underground land and cavern for new source of land.This marks a new era for the possible new place for future property market and industrial zone development. The GED makes use of condensed video to promote new land supply idea (see endnotes hyper link)v. Crime prevention 4Ps Promotion guard force goals and objective cause dramatically changed for the last four decades from mainly law enforcement carrying into action to equally emphasizing the importance of villainy prevention. Study put on shown in different earth that increase of police force does not requisite reverse proportion to the number of crime. i Therefore, a lot of marketing and promotion effort sacrifice been dedicated to home security design, drug abuse prevention, internet crime awareness, and police force recruitmentvii, proper automobile driving technique etc. As social and communication media develops and widened, communication channels broadened from traditional newspaper advertising to internet social political platform such as police force websiteviii, facebook, youtube, tweeter, raillery forum, to in the flesh(predicate) contact like public family relationship division within the police force.Public sector personal and organizational marketing 3Ps People After the transfer of reign to People Republic of China, Hong Kong government organization and management became increasing tr ansparent. Hong Kong resident has increasing interest of government departmental leadership, and government operation efficiency. Compare to forty years ago, when Hong Kong was still under British colonial rule, the Governor, Executive Council, Legislative Council, as well as most public pol were all appointed by the Government.Democratic election easily started in the 1980s for local district representatives and a portion of Legislative Council. Personal marketing in the public services became more and more importantix. deuce examples are the recent Legislative Council (LECO) Election, and Hong Kong Special political science Region Chief Executive Election. LECO election is an open democratic election for all qualified citizen. Competitions are big between candidates, and are compared based on their experiences, past contribution to the society, and related political societys reputation. Education system reform come along 3Ps Process While every spot light falls onto the peo ple, in the public sector, the ultimate goal for a government is to implement set policies and procedures. Taking for example, the Education Department just latterly introduced a new secondary and territorial aim system in Hong Kong. The new system rewrite the seven years secondary schooling to sextuplet years, but extending the normal three years under graduate programmes to four years. new-fashioned Product (Education System) ripening Strategy was use. The education ureau made use of product development concept of idea generation, preliminary analysis, detail investigation and research, planning and development, communication, testing, implementation, and auditing cycle. x xi The result was a smoother implementation, better acceptance by education institutions, students, parents, and prevented political instability in show window of adverse situation. Conclusion Social, economic, political, and education development evolves over time. Citizens are demanding more frequent, c loser, deeper, and highly transparent companionship in public administration.Therefore, non-business organization like public administration and political management spend more resources (time, man power, and money) at the early stage of new social policy development. Citizens are defined as customers or end user in the public administration model. Because of the rising demand by the customers for better involvement during the course of public administration, and, at the same time, administrators wants to have higher chance of success and sustainability of new policy, customers involvement of the early part of Stage-gate Processing becoming evident, which is in contrast with public policy development four decades ago.American merchandising Association (AMA) who defines Marketing for its members, have also renew the definition to suit with the ever changing environment. In the letter from Mike Lotti and sham Lehmann, Chairperson of the Board and Committee Chair of AMA, subjected Ne w Definition of Marketing dated December 2007, Lotti and Lehmann say (the new definition of) Marketing is regarded as an activity instead of a function and positions marketing as a broader activity in a fellowship/organization, and not just a department.The new definition also positions marketing as providing long term value rather than narrowly as an transmute of money (short-term) for the benefit of the shareholder/organization. xii European marketing community also published similar notion a few years preliminary than its US counterpart, defining that long-term customer relationships are considered as the cornerstone of marketingxiii. This is in channel with modern public administrators objective, that is to satisfy the needs of different segments and targets of citizens.It is worth to note that this paper is not to turn over marketing management strategies, tactics, and concepts in public sector did not exist in Hong Kong at the early years. As a matter of the facts, in t he 60s and 70s, Government have organized activities to understand customer (local residents) 6 needs related to long term social development plan and pre-execution hearing sessions with local leaders and legislators, but only at a lot less formal and structured as the society currently established. In response to Levy and Kotlers article, DavidJ.Luck had argued that marketing strategies and activities had been in used in various government activities before Kotler and Levys article was publishedxiv. When social, economic, and political reforms persist in, society should expect to see marketing activities in non-business organization, particularly for public administration sector, to continue evolves alongside with modern marketing management methologies. i Ivan Kushnirs Research Center, kushnirs. org rd ii UK Public disbursement since 1963, Simon Rogers, 3 June 2012, guardian. o. uk iii Milestones Hong Kong Housing Society Housing Price, Land Supply and Revenue from Land Sales, R aymond Y. C. Tse, 2012 v Enhanced use of underground space in Hong Kong, Geotechnical Engineering Department, http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=jZ_IX0KocNk&list=UUi4fX-nEJseYhlAuY4DJ0wQ& business leader=7&feature=pl cp vi Law Enforcement Marketing Perceptions of a police force, Peter Bohan, 1987. vii Hong Kong Police http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=ckDWtaWNHo0 viii Hong Kong Police http//www. police. gov. hk/ppp_en/index. tml ix After ten years of transfer of sovereignty political stability and reform in Hong Kong, Jermain T. M. Lam, 2008 x Stage-gate systems a new tool for managing new products, Robert G. Cooper, 1990 xi Marketing in the public sector out or keeping(p) or merely difficult? Peter Graham, 2010 xii th AMA Definition of Marketing Mike Lotti and mount Lehmann, December 17 , 2007 xiii Defining Marketing A market-Oriented Approach Christian Gronroos, 1989 xiv Broadening the Concept of Marketing. Too Far David J. Luck, 1969 iv 7