The Effects Of Totalitarian Government In George Orwells...

Imagine a world where no one could live without fear. Given the thought of this, one might presume that the society is dangerous and is repleted with criminal activity. However, the reality is that the government is mentally holding their citizens captive by imprisoning them into a world that dissuades one from acting on impulse. Everywhere where interactions occur between citizens lay technology that monitors everyone s actions which prevent many from expressing themselves. Even one’s children are taught to rebel against their parent’s if any â€Å"incriminating† action occurs. Essentially, people are trapped in a world where privacy doesn’t exist which forces many to be loyal to their government. While this scenario might be absurd and†¦show more content†¦Such principles that resonate with many of the citizens include the fact that Goldstein is an enemy of Big Brother, their leader. Therefore, The Party naturally engages their citizens into an activity that directs hate towards Goldstein in which, â€Å"the face of Emmanuel Goldstein, the Enemy of the People, has flashed onto the screen† (11) which then prompts a public backlash against him. This scenario in which propaganda is used to alter the public’s mindset is also frequently seen in North Korea’s government. The government along with North Korea’s leader aim to â€Å"create an image of god like proportions about themselves by controlling the information that their citizens have about them, and using their own selected media to sway the people’s thoughts and opinions† (Martinez). In order to fulfill these requirements, North Korea has a history of brainwashing their citizens by providing them false information. These tactics include dealing with many negative situations that involve their government. One prominent move to control the public occurs during the Korean War. Kim II-sung who started the war â€Å"describes the war to his allies and the North Korean people as a victorious defense of DPRK against the ‘American aggressors’† (Martinez). By purposely blaming the war on other countries, Kim II-sung is able to gain more recognition and loyalty from his citizens, since he greatly â€Å"defended† his country against them. ThisShow MoreRelatedTotalitarianism in Orwells Mind Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesIngsoc are embodiments of everything that author George Orwell hates in government. 1984, a book written by Orwell, depicts a society called Oceania, in which unwary citizens are obedient to the Party, a totalitarian regime. Totalitarianism is defined as a political system in which a centralized government does not tolerate any form of political dissent and seeks to control many, if not all, aspects of public and private life. Another one of George Orwell’s books, Animal Farm, is an allegory about theRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Dystopia 881 Words   |  4 Pagesname being â€Å"1984† by George Orwell. â€Å"Big brother is always watching,† the language the author utilizes drops subtle hints from time to time about what could possibly happen in the real world in near future. 1984 still remains one of the most intense and powerful warning signals about the peril of total government control. The time period 1984 was inspired in is crucial to its plot. It was inspired around World War 2. Because of the rise of totalitarian dictators, AdolfRead MoreA Society Based On Hate911 Words   |  4 PagesSociety Based On Hate Confucius once explain that, An Oppressive government is to be feared more than a tiger. Ideally, a political system that has been formed on hatred and torment is a system that will be feared enough to be followed, but not forever. George Orwell s 1984 was published in 1949 during the heated conflict of Word War II and consists of a government known as the Party which symbolizes the totalitarian governments of the war. This fictional novel depicts Orwell s hypothesis of whatRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Brave New World1601 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout time numerous individuals have attempted to predict what the future holds for our society. If one was to narrow their focus on the past century they would see the works and predictions of Aldous Huxley and George Orwell. Both Huxley and Orwell, as one could infer, composed novels that describe future societies and their inner workings. Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World, where members of society originate from a lab and who’ s lives are pre-determined by the controllers. The controllersRead MoreGeorge Orwell and Animal Farm and 19841008 Words   |  5 Pages George Orwell and Animal Farm and 1984 nbsp; George Orwell is only a pen name. The man behind the classics Animal Farm and 1984 was named Eric Arthur Blair and was born to a middle class family living in Bengal in 1903. Eric Blair got his first taste of class prejudice at a young age when his mother forced him to abandon his playmates, which were plumbers children (Crick 9). He could then play only with the other children in the family, all of whom were at least five years older or youngerRead More George Orwells Symbolism and Derivation for Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984)905 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwells Symbolism and Derivation for 1984 George Orwells 1984 had a profound effect upon the way people thought during the mid 20th century. The book signified Orwells most complex novel which told the story of Arthur Koestler and the countless others who suffered because of the totalitarian governments in Eastern Europe (Meyers 114). When 1984 was published in 1949, the Cold War had just begun. The novels ending was pessimistic and thus seemed as an attack on communism. TheRead More Orwell’s Totalitarian Government in 1984 Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Orwell’s key objective throughout his novel, 1984, was to convey to his readers the imminent threat of the severe danger that totalitarianism could mean for the world. Orwell takes great measures to display the horrifying effects that come along with complete and dominant control that actually comes along with totalitarian government. In Orwell’s novel, personal liberties and individual freedoms that are protected and granted to many Ameri cans today, are taken away and ripped from the citizen’sRead MoreFrancess Kargbo. Mr. Bond-Theriault. 2Nd Period. 22 March1623 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 2017 1984 By: George Orwell From a new historicism , and psychoanalytic criticism view. â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† As the future nears, most of humanity is starting to realize that â€Å"2+2=5†(. There is manipulation that occurs constructed by the government to control every aspect of reality, technology taking human jobs, those who control the present write history, social hierarchy, and wars that have no purpose. 1984 by Eric Arthur Blair is known by his pen name, George Orwell may notRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19841168 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell author of 1984 recently made it on Amazon’s list of â€Å"100 books to read before you die† for his widely read novel with thought provoking subjects like: the dangers of totalitarianism, physical control, psychological manipulation, manipulation of information and history, and technology. Through the themes in 1984, George Orwell demonstrates that a dystopian society created by totalitarian rule can infiltrate the minds of its citizens through various mediums. The famous novel falls intoRead MoreGeorge Orwell s The Novel Expressing The Idea Of A Government Changing The Past1655 Words   |  7 Pages(37). This warning alarm of a totalitarian government intensifies throughout George Orwell’s novel expressing the idea of a government changing the past. In the novel 1984, the main character, Winston Smith lives in a world where the people of the society are restricted from free thinking. With no freedom or privacy, Winston tries to stand against the government’s ruthless control with the help of his lover, Julia. Winston’s struggle against the Party, explains Orwell’s indication of having an overly

Colors in the Caves Narrative Essay Free Essays

It was Spring Break of 2010, the already steamy, hot temperatures of the Southern air rising despite the full blast of the air conditioning blowing through my hair as we drive through the seemingly never-ending desert of Arizona. My family, consisting of four, is headed toward Picacho Peak to take on the strenuous 6. 2-mile hike along the Sunset Vista Trail. We will write a custom essay sample on Colors in the Caves Narrative Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now We pull up to the Sunset Vista Trail Head parking area, our medium-sized Camelbaks having already been packed somewhere along the 1,060 miles of flat, boring road, we start up the trail with the sun beating down our backs. Automatically, I fall in step with my long-legged brother while my sister gratefully stays behind with our mother, adopting a preferred slow, steady pace. The sun is bright, the jagged rocks and occasional stream receiving its pale, yet blinding reflection. My brother and I make a good team; he supplies the food while I supply the water, all the while sharing laughs and memories, memories that I will later on think to be my last. After a couple hours, the scalding sun is taking on its inevitable journey toward the western horizon, being replaced with the cool breeze of the moon. My brother and I decide to take a refueling break on two enormous rocks after four hours of walking in the moonlight. â€Å"Here, take my Camelbak,† I say, â€Å"I’m going to the bathroom. † I take my flashlight as I walk off the trail for two minutes, keeping track of the monotonous rocks and brush I pass by. When I am finished, I start to head back towards our temporary resting place. Passing the familiar rocks, I crouch down to inspect with my LED flashlight a peculiar zigzag shape on the ground. Tracing my finger along the sharp edges of the shape, I realize it’s a narrow fracture in the ground, leading to a larger web of intricate fractures that rest just under my feet. Just then I hear a whisper of rushing water. Before I have time to react to the sudden realization that the ground could collapse from under my feet, I fall through the Earth. The fall seems endless though it may have taken no more than two seconds. I land with an echoing crash as my body penetrates through hot water. My body is violently thrown to the side with the sharp current and I am struggling to reach the surface. I reach out, my hands sliding on the slick floor as my body is carried by the flow of the hot spring. My wrist catches on a column jutting up on the floor of the cave. I wrap both arms around it to haul myself up. I cough to catch my breath, throat burning. The flashlight is still on. I wave the blue light around the darkness. The blue light winks as I shine it on my surroundings, the battery will die soon. I spot a tunnel not far off to the right. It must go somewhere, I thought. I can see a clear enough path towards it, so I reluctantly click off the safety of the blue light. I am instantly swallowed by darkness as I crawl my way towards the tunnel. Black, black, black is all I see. Without my vision, I have to be careful of where I move. The blue luminosity from the flashlight leaves me with the hesitant desire to not be wasteful. How many hours has it been? No food, no water. The sun should surely be up soon. Just as the thoughts have formed I see a faint light up ahead. The yellow glimmer of the sun’s rays gives me the hope I so crave. The light is still nowhere near enough to be able to see anything. The overwhelming pitch-blackness, the winking blue of the LED flashlight, and the steady growing yellow shine of the sun is all I see in my slow, crawling trek along the cave’s floor. With my cautious travel, thriftiness, and hopeful thoughts, the growing light is suddenly all around me. I am squinting as I collapse to the ground. Almost immediately I am pulled up from under my shoulders, faint cries of relief and concern swarm through my ears, but with the overbearing silence and lack of energy, I cannot make out the words. All I see is brightness, as the hope I so desperately clung to is turned into overwhelming relief and happiness as survival is achieved. That’s when I black out. More brightness, a different kind of light. Not the hopeful yellow of the sun shining through the rocks, but of a white fluorescent one. I am in a hospital. My family is suddenly all around me, throwing hugs and kisses and joy. A nurse comes in with a doctor, they give my family time to pull themselves together. I can hear the nurse speaking to the doctor, â€Å"How could she possibly have made it through those awful caves? † The doctor responds to her, flashing me a knowing smile, â€Å"Colors go a long way in finding our inner character†. How to cite Colors in the Caves Narrative Essay, Essays

Evil in Women and its Effect on Macbeth Essay Example For Students

Evil in Women and its Effect on Macbeth Essay My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single state of man that function Is smotherd in surmise, and nothing is But what is not. (1.3.140-143). Throughout Shakespeares play, we see that Macbeth is the victim of evil seduction by women. In the above quote the evil is perpetrated by the witches. Lady Macbeth also plays a strong role in his moral corruption. the influence of Lady Macbeth (though she too has an inarticulate angel struggling against her own evil), and the instigation of a supernatural power all combine to crush his better nature. (Boyce 391). Macbeth would not have even thought of killing Duncan, if it were not for the influence of the witches and his wife. Historically, man has been corrupted by woman. Going back to the story of Adam and Eve, we see such an example. .. she took of the fruit thereof, and she did eat it; and she gave it unto her husband (Genesis 3.6). Eve, out of fear, beguiled Adam. In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and the witches, succumb ing to greed, corrupted Macbeth. Lady Macbeths actions parallel those of the witches. The witches planted the idea that Macbeth should become king. Lady Macbeth followed through with this idea by pushing Macbeth to kill Duncan. a very definition of the weird sisters calling on them to unsex her to cram her with cruelty from top to toe (Bloom 29). This quote illustrates the connection between Lady Macbeth and the witches, showing us that they both participated in Macbeths moral decline. Shakespeare, it seems, utilizes the symbol of the witches to portray the basic evil inherent in Lady Macbeth. One could not have worked without the other. If it were only the witches prophecies, then Macbeth would surely not have murdered Duncan. It was because Lady Macbeth constantly harassed her husband, that he was driven to commit all this evil. her blood thickened, her milk changed to gaul into the inhuman, the distortion of nature (Ludwyk 233). This illustrates the complete metamorphosis of Lady Macbeth from a loving, beauti ful, caring, kind wife to a ruthless, nasty, shrew of a woman. The women in this play distort Macbeths intuition so much that he thinks he is doing the right thing. his liberty of free choice is determined more and more by evil inclination and that he can not choose the better course (Bloom 55). Even after the deed is done, Lady Macbeth greets her husband and her greeting recalls the weird sisters. (Ludwyk 233). This teaches us that even after the murder is done she does not return to her former self. This evil tears them apart. In the beginning of the play Macbeth calls his wife, my dearest partner of greatness (1.5.11-12). At the end of the play, however, when Lady Macbeth kills herself, he shows no sympathy. she should have died here after (5.5.17). Lady Macbeth uses every weapon in her arsenal, moral or immoral, to corrupt Macbeth. Lady Macbeth makes a sex weapon in her efforts to spur Macbeths ambition. (Boyce 391). This shows that Lady Macbeth sexually enticed Macbeth in addition to her constant nagging. She succeeded in manipulating him. She calls him My Husband (2.2.13) when he has just killed the king . This the only time she calls him Husband suggests that she finds him sexually impressive in his gore. (Ibid). Lady Macbeth actually feeds off of Macbeths acts of violence. She is stimulated by his savagery. .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc , .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc .postImageUrl , .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc , .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc:hover , .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc:visited , .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc:active { border:0!important; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc:active , .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5499c2b5c882e0724400b77f5d8edcc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer app EssayMacbeth is not so innocent. evil is a perversion of human values, and the fact that he persisted in his awareness demonstrates a profound moral disorder. (Boyce 391). The fact that Macbeth persisted shows that he knew that what he was doing was wrong. Yet, he continued to murder. Shakespeare opened his play with the scene of the witches to portray evil in the mind of the audience. The audience could understand the evil that the witches represented. Lady Macbeth, however, conjures up an image of royalty, loyalty and goodness. In order to help us overcome our initial opinion of Lady Macbeth, and allow us to accept her

Love`s Labor`s Lost Essays - Loves Labours Lost, Rosaline, Dumaine

Love`s Labor`s Lost In Love's Labor's Lost by William Shakespeare, King Ferdinand and his three attendants; Berowne, Longaville, and Dumaine, take a vow to swear off women and concentrate on their studies. This vow only lasted long enough for each man to lay his eyes on the Princess of France, Rosaline, Maria, and Katherine. The women receive love letters and gifts from the men who are trying to woo them. Although the ladies are flattered, they are disappointed by their loves' abilities to easily breaks their vows. Throughout the play, the men try to woo the ladies with out ever really interacting with them because they are ashamed of the breaking of their vows too. The men decide that they will woo once and for all at the masquerade that they will all be attending. The women, on the other hand, have a completely different idea of what the masquerade will determine. The women wear masks and plan on embarrassing the men, who are dressed as Russians, by not revealing their true identity. They can not believe the deceitful nature of the men and plan on teaching them a lesson. The princess says, "Therefore I do it, and I make no doubt/ The rest will [ne'er] come in, if he be out./ There's no such sport as sport by sport o'erthrown,/ To make theirs ours and none but our own;/ So shall we stay; mocking intended game,/ And they, will mock'd, depart away with shame." (237; V, ii l. 151-156). The masks that the women are wearing symbolize how they have hid their anger and frustration toward the men. They had never expressed their disgust with them prior to the masquerade and feel it necessary to show the men how foolish they have been for breaking their promises. The masks also show that the women were afraid to let their true feeling surface. A mask is a cover; therefore they have been covering up their inner thoughts and feelings about the mens' actions. It is hard for them to show the men their disappointment because they too are in love and feel that they truly are suitable lovers. However, they need their opinions to be expressed and appreciated. The plan works perfectly. Each man can only recognize his loved one by the jewelry that she is wearing, and since the ladies switched presents in order to play their parts, the men woo the wrong lady. The King woos Rosaline, Berowne woos the Princess, Dumaine woos Maria, and Longaville woos Katherine. The men were trying to be sweet to each lady, while the ladies were being rude and thoroughly confusing the men. The King approaches Rosaline by saying, "Blessed are the clouds, to do as such clouds do!/ Vouchsafe, bright moon, and these thy stars, to/ shine/ (Those clouds removed) upon our watery eyne." (237; V, ii l. 203-206). Rosaline, pretending to be the Princess, replies, "O vain petitioner! beg a greater matter,/ Thou now requests but moonshine in the water." (237; V,ii l. 207-208). Berowne, trying to impress Rosaline, approaches the Princess and says, "White-handed mistress, one sweet work with/ thee." (238; V,ii l. 229-230). The Princess comments, "Honey, and milk, and sugar: there is three." (238;V,ii l. 231). Mistaking Maria for Katherine, Dumaine states, "Fair lady - " (238; V, ii l. 237). Maria remarks, "Say you so? Fair lord-/ Take that for your fair lady." (238; V,ii l. 238-239). The masks proved that the men did not really know the ladies at all, and in reality were only in love with the beauty that was portrayed on the outside. Even though the four women are set on speaking their minds, they are beginning to have some doubts about embarrassing the men. They are afraid to continue pretending to be each other when the men return without their Russian costumes. The princess says, "What shall we do,/ If they return in their own shapes to woo?" (239; V,ii l. 298-299). Even though the women have not fully convinced themselves that making fools of the men is the right way to make them learn their lessons.

MLA Referencing †Citing a Journal Article

MLA Referencing – Citing a Journal Article MLA Referencing – Citing a Journal Article In the liberal arts and humanities subjects, MLA referencing is commonly used for citing sources in college papers and academic publications. This includes citing articles from both print and electronic journals, which is what we’re looking at in this blog post. In-Text Citations The rules for citing an article in the main text of your paper are the same regardless of whether you’re referencing a print or online journal. With MLA referencing, this means giving the author’s name and page numbers for the passage cited in parentheses: Neo-formalism is one of â€Å"the more notable methodological approaches to literary studies† (Markovits 591). If the author’s name already appears in the text, only the page numbers for the passage cited need to be given in parentheses after the quotation: Markovits describes neo-formalism as one of â€Å"the more notable methodological approaches to literary studies† (591). Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author Some other parenthetical referencing formats use a year of publication to distinguish between texts when multiple sources by the same author are cited in a paper. Since MLA uses a citation format with no year of publication, however, a different approach is required. With a journal article, this means giving a shortened version of the article name in addition to the author’s surname and relevant page numbers. If both the author’s name and a shortened title appear in a citation, they should be separated with a comma. For two articles by Stefanie Markovits, for instance, this might appear as follows: According to Markovits, â€Å"programmatically formalist reading needn’t bracket cultural and historical concerns (â€Å"Form Things† 591). Consequently, we can draw upon neo-formalism while still considering the significance of Jane Austen’s â€Å"fallen bodies† (Markovits, â€Å"Jane Austen and the Happy Fall† 779). Austen having a happy sit down. Page (Print Journal) With MLA, all sources cited in a paper should be listed with full publication information on a â€Å"† page at the end of your document. With a print journal article, this means providing the following details (accurate for the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook): Author surname, first name(s). Title of Article.  Title of Journal, volume, issue, year, complete page range. In practice, this would look something like the following: Markovits, Stefanie. â€Å"Form Things: Looking at Genre through Victorian Diamonds.† Victorian Studies, vol. 52, no. 4, 2010, pp. 591-619. Page (Online Journal) For articles that are also available online, you should also provide a DOI or URL and a date of access in the â€Å"† list. For instance: Markovits, Stefanie. â€Å"Jane Austen and the Happy Fall.† Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, vol. 47, no. 4, 2007, pp. 779-97, www.jstor.org/stable/4625140. Accessed 5 Oct. 2016. If citing a scholarly journal article which is only available electronically, it isn’t necessary to provide page numbers (a DOI/URL and date of access are still required).

Sortir Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples

Sortir Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples In French,  sortir  means to exit, to leave, or to go out and it is a frequently used irregular  -ir  verb. When you want to use it in conversational French, its important to know how to conjugate it. This article will show you a few different meanings of sortir and its most frequently used conjugations: the present, present progressive, compound past, imperfect, simple future, near future indicative, the conditional, the present subjunctive, as well as the imperative and the gerund. Sortir  Is Conjugated Like Partir and Dormir Within irregular  -ir  verbs, there are some patterns. Two groups exhibit similar characteristics and conjugation patterns. There is also a large category of extremely irregular  -ir  verbs that follow no pattern. Sortir  lies in the first group and it does follow a particular pattern. Besides sortir, this group includes dormir  (to sleep), mentir  (to lie), partir  (to leave), sentir  (to feel), servir  (to serve)  and all of their derivatives, such as repartir  (to divide). All of these verbs drop the last letter of the radical (root) in the singular conjugations. For instance, in first person singular of sortir is je sors (no t) while the first person plural is nous sortons (retains the t from the root). The more you can recognize these patterns, the easier it will be to remember conjugations. Generally speaking, most French verbs ending in  -mir,  -tir, or  -vir  are conjugated this way.   Using Sortir  in French Sortir  essentially means the opposite of  entrer  (to enter)  and the meaning changes slightly depending on what follows it. But the most common meaning is to go out and to exit or leave as in Je veux sortir ce soir (I want to go out tonight) or Nous ne sommes pas sortis depuis deux mois (We havent gone out for two months). When followed by a preposition or a direct object,  sortir  takes on a slightly different and more specific meaning. sortir de means  to get out of or to leave: As in,  Tu dois sortir de leau (You need to get out of the water) and Sortez de chez moi ! (Get out of my house!). It can also be used for something like, Doà ¹ sort-il  ? (Where has he been?).sortir de (informal) means  to have just done something: As in, On sort de manger (We just ate) and  Il sortait de finir  (He had just finished).sortir en / means  to go out in / on: As in, Nous allons sortir en voiture (Were going to go out in the car / go for a drive) and Je veux sortir bicyclette (I want to go out on my bike / go for a bike ride).sortir en   present participle  means to ___ out: As in,  Pourquoi est-il sorti en courant ? (Why did he run out?) and  Elle sort en boitant (She is limping out).sortir par  means  to get out by means of: As in, Tu ne peux pas sortir par la porte (You cant get out through the door) and Loiseau est sorti par la fenà ªtre (The bird went out the window).sortir direct object  m eans to take out: As in,  Tu dois sortir le chien ce soir. (You need to take the dog out tonight) and Jai sorti la voiture du garage  (I took the car out of the garage). Sortir  as a Pronominal Verb As a pronominal verb,  se sortir de  can take on even more meanings. For instance,  se sortir de  means to get out of or to extricate oneself. For example, Jespà ¨re quil va pouvoir se sortir de cette situation  (I hope hell be able to get out of that situation), or Je me suis sorti dun mauvais pas  (I got out of a tight spot). Sen sortir  means to survive/get through a dangerous or difficult situation, as in Je ne sais pas sil va sen sortir  (I dont know if hes going to make it / pull through) or Tu ten es bien sorti  ! (Youve done really well!). Common French Expressions With Sortir   There are plenty of idiomatic expressions using  sortir.  Keep in mind that you will need to conjugate  sortir  in many of these. sortir indemne dun choc -  to exit unscathedsortir de limagination -  being the result of creativity, inspirationsortir de sa cachette -  get out of hidingsen sortir -  to extract oneself from a difficult situationsortir de lordinaire -  to stand out from the ordinaryle petit oiseau va sortir. -  The photo is about to be taken. Present Indicative Je sors Je sors de la maison 8 heures du matin. I leave the house at 8 am. Tu sors Tu sors le chien. You take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sort Elle sort au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She goes out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortons Nous sortons du travail trà ¨s tard. We leave work very late. Vous sortez Vous sortez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortent Ils sortent par la fenà ªtre. They go out through the window. Present Progressive Indicative To speak about ongoing actions in the present in French you can use the regular present tense or the present progressive, which is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb à ªtre (to be) en train de the infinitive verb (sortir). Je suis en train de sortir Je suisen train de sortir de la maison 8 heures du matin. I am leaving the house at 8 am. Tu esen train de sortir Tu esen train de sortir le chien. You are taking the dog out. Il/Elle/On esten train de sortir Elle esten train de sortir au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She is going out to the movies with Jean. Nous sommesen train de sortir Nous sommesen train de sortir du travail trà ¨s tard. We are leaving work very late. Vous à ªtesen train de sortir Vous à ªtesen train de sortir les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You are taking the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sonten train de sortir Ils sonten train de sortir par la fenà ªtre. They are going out through the window. Compound Past Indicative The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is translated to English as the simple past. It is formed using either the auxiliary verb  Ãƒ ªtre  or the auxiliary verb avoir and the past participle  sorti. Sortir is a special verb because in the compound tenses, it  may be conjugated with both  Ãƒ ªtre or  avoir, depending on whether  sortir  is used intransitively or transitively. When  sortir  is used  intransitively, the auxiliary verb is  Ãƒ ªtre, and in that case the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject: Es-tu sorti hier soir  ? (Did you go out last night?). When  sortir  is used  transitively, the auxiliary verb is  avoir: Jai sorti la voiture du garage (I took the car out of the garage). Je suis sorti(e)/ai sorti Je suis sorti de la maison 8 heures du matin. I left the house at 8 am. Tu es sorti(e)/as sorti Tu as sorti le chien. You took the dog out. Il/Elle/On est sorti(e)/a sorti Elle est sortie au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She went out to the movies with Jean. Nous sommes sortis(ies)/avons sorti Nous sommes sortis du travail trà ¨s tard. We left work very late. Vous à ªtes sorti(s/ies)/avez sorti Vous avez sorti les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You took the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sont sortis(ies)/ont sorti Ils sont sortis par la fenà ªtre. They went out through the window. Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense can be translated to English as was going out or used to go out. It is used to talk about ongoing events or repeated actions in the past. Je sortais Je sortais de la maison 8 heures du matin. I used to leave the house at 8 am. Tu sortais Tu sortais le chien. You used to take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sortait Elle sortaitau cinà ©ma avec Jean. She used to go out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortions Nous sortions du travail trà ¨s tard. We used to leave work very late. Vous sortiez Vous sortiez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You used to take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortaient Ils sortaient par la fenà ªtre. They used to go out through the window. Simple Future Indicative Je sortirai Je sortirai de la maison 8 heures du matin. I will leave the house at 8 am. Tu sortiras Tu sortiras le chien. You will take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sortira Elle sortiraau cinà ©ma avec Jean. She will go out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortirons Nous sortirons du travail trà ¨s tard. We willleave work very late. Vous sortirez Vous sortirez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You will take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortiront Ils sortiront par la fenà ªtre. They will go out through the window. Near Future Indicative The near future in French is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb aller (to go) the infinitive (sortir). It is translated to English as going to verb. Je vais sortir Je vaissortir de la maison 8 heures du matin. I am going to leave the house at 8 am. Tu vas sortir Tu vasortir le chien. You are going to take the dog out. Il/Elle/On vasortir Elle vasortir au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She isgoing to go out to the movies with Jean. Nous allonssortir Nous allonssortir du travail trà ¨s tard. We aregoing toleave work very late. Vous allezsortir Vous allezsortir les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You aregoing to take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles vontsortir Ils vontsortir par la fenà ªtre. They aregoing to go out through the window. Conditional To talk about possibilities or hypothetical events, you can use the conditional mood. Je sortirais Je sortirais de la maison 8 heures du matin si je me levais plus tà ´t. I would leave the house at 8 am if I got up earlier. Tu sortirais Tu sortirais le chien si je le demandais. You would take the dog out if I asked for it. Il/Elle/On sortirait Elle sortiraitau cinà ©ma avec Jean si elle voulait. She would go out to the movies with Jean if she wanted to. Nous sortirions Nous sortirionsdu travail trà ¨s tard si c'à ©tait nà ©cessaire. We wouldleave work very late if it were necessary. Vous sortiriez Vous sortiriez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger si vous vouliez. You wouldtake the trash out after eating if you wanted to. Ils/Elles sortiraient Ils sortiraient par la fenà ªtre s'ils pouvaient. They would go out through the window if they could. Present Subjunctive The subjunctive mood is used in cases where the action is uncertain. Que je sortes Il est important que je sortes de la maison 8 heures du matin. It's important that I leave the house at 8 am. Que tu sortes Maurice est content que tu sortes le chien. Maurice is happy that you take the dog out. Qu'il/Elle/On sorte Il est possible qu'elle sorte au cinà ©ma avec Jean. It is possible that she go out to the movies with Jean. Que nous sortions Le patron suggà ¨re que nous sortons du travail trà ¨s tard. The boss suggests that we leave work very late. Que vous sortiez Votre pà ¨re exige que vous sortiez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. Your father demands that you take the trash out after eating. Qu'ils/Elles sortent Carl conseille qu'ils sortent par la fenà ªtre. Carl advises that they go out through the window. Imperative There are times when you simply want to tell someone to Get out! On these occasions, you can turn to the imperative verb mood which does not require a subject pronoun. Instead, you can just tell them Sors ! To form the negative commands, simply place ne...pas around the positive command. Positive commands Tu sors ! Sors le chien ! Take the dog out! Nous sortons! Sortons du travail trà ¨s tard ! Let's leave work very late! Vous sortez! Sortez les poubelles ! Take out the trash! Negative commands Tu ne sors pas ! Ne sors pas le chien ! Don't take the dog out! Nous ne sortons pas! Ne sortons pas du travail trà ¨s tard ! Let's not leave work very late! Vous ne sortez pas! Ne sortez pas les poubelles ! Don't take out the trash! Present Participle/Gerund The  present participle  of  sortir  is  sortant. This was formed by simply adding  -ant  to the verb stem. The present participle can be used to form the gerund (usually preceded by the preposition en), which can be used to talk about simultaneous actions. Present participle/gerund ofSortir sortant Il est tombà © en sortant le chien. He fell down while taking the dog out.

What is DNA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is DNA - Research Paper Example Scientists have played a great role in this progress as it is due to their efforts that the understanding of the human body has become possible. DNA which is a biochemical substance in the human body is one such example. Following the understanding of DNA, it has become an important tool used by forensic experts and it has become an important part of the criminal justice system. DNA which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid is a biochemical molecule that is basically made up of two DNA chains that are complementary to each other. These chains are interwoven polynucleotide chains whose basic units are four nucleotide subunits. The DNA molecule is a helical structure with the stands being attached to each other via hydrogen bonds. DNA carries the genetic information of every individual. The strands of DNA separate and each strand is utilized for the purpose of transferring of genetic material. Any living organisms including the human beings only synthesize those proteins in their body whose information is present on their DNA (Alberts 2002). The work for the discovery DNA started towards the end of the nineteenth century. The Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher recognized DNA as a chemical molecule in the late nineteenth century. Research work on DNA continued and other scientists who included Phoebus Levene and Erwin Chargaff worked hard for finding out its structure and chemical bonding. They laid down the scientific foundation which was then followed by Watson and Crick who finally discovered the helical structure of DNA and explained the functioning of DNA and its genetic coding (Pray 2008). Testing of DNA on biological materials which included body fluids, hair and the skin started in the year 1985 in U.S.A. This procedure is the most reliable clinical investigation and is of utmost importance in the inquiries of rape cases. This is because DNA is a biochemical molecule which consists of the entire unique genetic pattern of an individual. The efficacy of these results of DNA testing from the biological materials is even above 99 percent. The first criminal who was awarded punishment following DNA testing was a rapist, Tommie Lee Andrews in the year 1987 in Florida (James 2009). There are many uses of DNA . Its usage in the criminal investigation procedures is its most common use. Biological materials are tested for DNA and this provides for the conviction of criminals in cases which include murder as well as sexual assault. DNA testing is also used for confirming the relationship status of individuals. It can assist in finding lost people. This was true following the September 11 attacks in the United States when DNA testing was performed to identify and tell the families of the victims regarding the deaths of their loved ones. Furthermore, paternity DNA testing can also help solving cases related to property as well as custody related issues. Apart from the legal and criminal field, DNA testing has been extremely crucial for providing with breakthroughs in the medical field for the discovery of new pathological conditions. It has also been helpful for anthropologists to understand evolution and human existence (Lamb 2007; James 2009). The criminal justice system has greatly changed and progressed following the usage of DNA testing procedures. DNA databases have been created in many countries across the globe for the purpose of assessment and identification of offenders. In the United States, by the year 2009, the FBI had the DNA samples of all the criminals who had been convicted as well as the sexual wrongdoers from all the states of the country. Maintenance of such criminal records is one of the breakthroughs in

Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lab Report Example Since human beings’ absorption of caffeine is high in the morning hours , I carried out the experiment between 7 am and 9 am in the morning (Schmid-Holmes, 2001). I carried out the experiment in our home where we have controlled temperatures maintained at 37 degrees Celsius. I used six out of the ten members of our family who are on one month leave from work with an age bracket of between 30 and 50 years. Hypothesis Caffeine affects blood pressure. Materials and methods. To begin this experiment I wrote a research proposal and had it approved by my instructor. I randomly selected six of the ten members of our family with age between 30 and 50 and who have never been diagnosed with blood pressure. I organized them in two groups of three and ensured that each group has at least one member of the opposite sex. Using an electronic scale, I measured each member of the experiment mass just to be sure that their mass falls around the 68 kg mark. I used a coffee pot to prepare coffee and three cups to serve the prepared coffee, every day for two weeks. I used the other three cups to serve regular, every day for two weeks. ... Then, I prepared the amount of water with caffeine that I used for the experiment. On average, an adult weighs 68 kgs and the recommended caffeine dosage is 200 mg (Monroe, 1998). Since a cup of coffee contains approximately 200 mg of caffeine, I administered one cup of coffee every day for seven days for the first three marked persons(Nawrot, 2003). 1 hour after taking the coffee treatment, I used the sphygmomanometer to measure their blood pressure level and recorded it in the data collection sheet every day. I also measured and recorded the blood pressure of the other three persons who were on regular water. In the second week, I took off the caffeine solution from the marked persons and put them in 100 ml of regular water through day 1 to day 7. I also removed the unmarked persons from regular water and put them on the caffeine treatment. Just like in the first week, I allowed the persons to be served with water with caffeine, a 24 – hour habituation period before starting the test. As I did in the first week, 1 hour after taking the coffee treatment, I used the sphygmomanometer to measure their blood pressure level and recorded it in the data collection sheet every day. I also measured and recorded the blood pressure of the other three persons who were on regular water. Results This experiment showed that the average blood pressure of human beings on the caffeine solutions was slightly higher than the blood pressure of human beings on the regular water (Figure 1).  Ã‚   WEEK ONE MEASUREMENTS WEEK TWO MEASUREMENTS Trial in days Mean Arterial Pressure Trial in days Mean Arterial Pressure 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 97 96 98 93 93 93 2 93 93 93 98 97 97 3 97 97 97 93 93 93 3 93 94 93 99

The War Room Essay Example for Free

The War Room Essay The documentary by D.A.Pennebaker and C.Hedgus investigates two sides of the medal associated with the presidential campaign of Bill Clinton. It gives an overview of pipe laying and backstreet intrigues performed by the representatives of Bill Clinton’s campaign. The chief person of the backstage side is James Carville. He is imposing and respectable manager of the campaign who stresses his logical ability to solve problems and emotional potential to override his followers. His persuasive way of speaking and charismatic personality outshines pale character of his partner George Stephanopoulos with whom they are responsible for the success of Bill Clinton’s political campaign of 1992. George Stephanopoulos is intelligent, dignified, mature person, who, however, lacks emotionality and public energy necessary to make electorate fall in love with him. Although perceived as inexperienced and excessively quiet person, George Stephanopoulos gives an impression of stability due to his belief that Bill Clinton will change the economic and political situation in the country for better. James Carville has enormous magnetism and wins over millions of people throughout the USA not only because of his inexhaustible intellect, but also because of his ability to logically prove his case. His speeches are characterized with pure genuineness and desire to explain difficult things and find common language with his listeners. The movie describes the efforts and decision-making of the two men with respect to Bill Clinton and his transformation from unpopular stranger to the American President. Improving the prestige of the future president among population, James Carville and George Stephanopoulos deal with numerous accusations of draft-dodging and adultery. To protect the authority of their leader, through the movie they compose professional and effective ads based on moral values and stereotypes of the American culture. During brief breaks they sometimes get a chance to have a snack as well as take a short nap at night. Actually, a big part of the movie grabs audience’s attention by depicting the professional activity of James Carville while he tries to smooth the situation with Gennifer Flowers, works on TV commercial, and carries on dialogs with the Republicans. Showing Carville’s girlfriend Mary Matalin who works as a strategist during Bush’s campaign, the director of the movie arouses interest among the audience. Pennebaker and Hedgus succeeded in their attempt to portray politicians as ordinary people who eat, drink, sleep, and hesitate discussing everyday problems common to people all over the world. Unlike news summary, the directors did not add voice to movie giving audience a chance to critically analyze what they see and independently form their own opinions. Contrary to general point of view regarding the cynicism and dishonesty of politicians the movie gives an insight into the whole process of political campaign intertwined with morality, warmth, and belief in future. Regardless of the fact whether the audience sticks to the Democrats, Republicans, or finds itself somewhere in between, the movie The War Room grabs attention of people highlighting human aspects of politics breaking down stereotypes about total mud and pessimism inside political circles. The directors have emphasized the role of people and their attitudes rather than the consequences of their actions, selfish ends, or lucrative impulses. Works Cited The War Room. Dir. D.A.Pennebaker C.Hedgus. Universal, 1992.

Role of Interest Groups in the Decision Making Process of the European

At present, there are approximately 3,000 different interest groups that are formally recognized by the European Union (Kirchner 2011). These interest groups represent a variety of interests and vary in the amount of influence that they actually have on the policy making process. These groups represent the interest of multiple sectors of both social and economic life within the European Union. Interests range from AGRICULTURE to BIG BUSINESS to HUMANITARIAN AID. In a truly pluralist nature, these groups are competing, either directly or indirectly, with each one another to have an influence in the legislation that is produced by the European Union. It is without a doubt that these interest groups within the European Union play an important part of the decision-making process. The blossoming interest group community within the European Union has both beneficial and detrimental impacts on the democratic quality of the European legislative process. By providing a background of i nterest groups and their influence in the decision-making process and comparing the role of interest groups within the European Union to those within the United States I will demonstrate the positive and negative qualities of interest group participation in the democratic process. In this paper, I will argue that interest groups are indeed a double-edged sword in affecting the democratic quality of European Union legislation. Before this topic can be adequately addressed, I believe that it is necessary to clarify a general definition of an interest group. For purposes of this paper, I will refer to Rainer Eising’s definition of an interest group, because I have found it to be the most expansive and relevant towards the argument being made in thi... ... of interest group lobbying far exceeds the negative; however the negative implications are of huge importance. Taking the current status of the full-fledged role of interest groups within the United States as a comparison to the nascent status of interest groups within the European Union, one can see the hazards of not addressing the negative discrepancies. It is my conclusion that the improvement of the democratic deficit as demonstrated by the interest groups thus far in the Union has proved the importance of interest group lobbying. Given this, I believe it is essential for attempts to be made by the European Union to mitigate the detrimental effects of political lobbying to ensure optimum democratic legitimacy into the future. The fact remains that at present, interest groups are seriously enhancing the democratic quality of European Union legislation.

Reactants Lab Essay

Aspect 1: Problem: What type of chemical reactions occurs when different reactants are mixed? Variables: Manipulated: Combination of reactants Responding: Type of Chemical Reaction Controlled: 1. Same amount of reactants used (1 piece for solid’s, 4 drops for liquid’s) 2. Spot plate is washed before reactants are mixed 3. Same amount of time substance is allowed for chemical reaction to occur (15s) 4. Because data is qualitative, observations will be made by the same person. Aspect 2: Controlling Variables: The same amount of reactants being used will be controlled by using the same amount of reactants in each reaction (1 piece for solid’s, 4 drops for liquids). Spot plate will be washed before each chemical reaction (using the water from the squeeze bottle) to ensure no residue is left from previous reaction. Observations will be made 15 seconds after the chemical raction. Time will be kept using a watch. The same person will make qualitative observations, to ensure that observations are kept consistent. Aspect 3: Materials: > Spot Plate > Forceps > Squeeze Bottle filled with water > Toothpick List of Reactants Fig. 1.1 Reactant Chemical Formula aluminum (s) Al (s) copper (II) chloride (aq) CuCl2 (aq) barium hydroxide (aq) Ba(OH)2 (aq) sulphuric acid (aq) H2SO4 (aq) chlorine (aq) Cl2 (aq) sodium bromide (aq) NaBr (aq) zinc (s) Zn (s) copper (II) sulphate (aq) CuSO4 (aq) hydrochloric acid (aq) HCl (aq) magnesium hydroxide (aq) Mg(OH)2 (aq) calcium chloride (aq) CaCl2 (aq) sodium carbonate (aq) Na2CO3 (aq) calcium (s) Ca (s) water (l) H2O (l) sodium acetate (aq) C2H3NaO2 (aq) magnesium (s) Mg (s) sodium hydroxide (aq) NaOH (aq) cobalt chloride (aq) CoCl2 (aq) List of Chemical Reactions Fig. 1.2 Reactant 1 Reactant 2 sulphuric acid (aq) barium hydroxide (aq) hydrochloric acid (aq) magnesium hydroxide (aq) calcium (s) water (l) hydrochloric acid (aq) sodium acetate (aq zinc (s) copper (II) sulphate (aq) cobalt chloride (aq) sodium hydroxide (aq) magnesium (s) hydrochloric acid (aq) sodium bromide (aq) chlorine (aq) aluminum (s) copper (II) chloride (aq) Procedure: 1. Wash spot plate thoroughly with water from squeeze bottle. 2. Choose a combination of reactants from Fig. 1.1 3. Write down physical properties of reactants. 4. Mix reactants. Record observations. 5. Wash spot plate thoroughly, making sure reactants fall into a waste bucket. 6. Repeat steps 1-4 using all the other combinations Data Collection and Processing (DCP) Aspect 1: Observation Chart of Chemical Reactions Fig. 1.3 Reactant 1 Chemical Formula Reactant 2 Chemical Formula Pr-reaction observation Post-reaction observation sulphuric acid (aq) H2SO4 (aq) barium hydroxide (aq) Ba(OH)2 (aq) Two transparent liquids Milky-white substance. Gas bubbles form. hydrochloric acid (aq) HCl (aq) magnesium hydroxide (aq) Mg(OH)2 (aq) Transparent liquids Transparent liquid hydrochloric acid (aq) HCl (aq) sodium acetate (aq) C2H3NaO2 (aq) Transparent liquids Transparent liquid calcium (s) Ca (s) water (l) H2O (l) Flaky-white solid, and transparent liquid Calcium dissolves a bit in water. A few gas bubbles zinc (s) Zn (s) copper (II) sulphate (aq) CuSO4 (aq) Grey rocky solid, with bluish liquid Gas bubbles form on zinc cobalt chloride (aq) CoCl2 (aq) magnesium hydroxide (aq) Mg(OH)2 (aq) Red liquid and clear liquid Pinkish-purple substance. Gas bubbles form magnesium (s) Mg (s) hydrochloric acid (aq) HCl (aq) Silver, lustrous metal and transparent liquid Gas bubbles form on magnesium sodium bromide (aq) NaBr (aq) chlorine (aq) Cl2 (aq) Transparent liquids Transparent liquid aluminum (s) Al (s) copper (II) chloride (aq) CuCl2 (aq) Lustrous rock and blue liquid Gas bubbles form on aluminum Aspect 2: Processing Data Chemical Reactants and Products Equations Balanced H2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) –> BaSO4(s) + 2HO2(l)(Double Replacement Reaction) Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) — > MgCl2 (s) + 2H2O (l)(Neutralization Reaction) NaC2H3O2 (aq) + HCl (aq) –> HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaCl (aq) (Double Replacement Reaction) Ca (s) + 2HOH (l) –>Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2(g)(Single Replacement Reaction) CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) —> ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)(Single Replacement Reaction) CoCl2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) –>2 NaCl (aq) + Co(OH)2 (aq)(Double Replacement Reaction) Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) –> MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (s)(Single Replacement Reaction) Cl2 (aq) + 2NaBr (aq) –> 2NaCl (aq) + Br2 (l) (Single Replacement Reaction) 2Al (s) + 3CuCl2 (aq) –> 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3Cu (s) (Single Replacement Reaction) Aspect 3: Reactants, Products, and Types of Reaction Chart Reactant 1 Reactant 2 Product Type of Reaction H2SO4(aq) Ba(OH)2(aq) BaSO4(s) + HO2(l) Double Replacement Mg(OH)2 (s) HCl (aq) MgCl2 (s) + H2O (l) Neutralization Reaction NaC2H3O2 (aq) HCl (aq) HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaCl (aq) Double Replacement Ca (s) HOH (l) Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2(g) Single Replacement CuSO4 (aq) Zn (s) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) Single Replacement CoCl2 (aq) NaOH (aq NaCl (aq) + Co(OH)2 (aq) Double Replacement Mg (s) HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (s) Single Replacement Cl2 (aq) NaBr (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + Br2 (l) Single Replacement Al (s) CuCl2 (aq) AlCl3 (aq) + Cu (s) Single Replacement Conclusion and Evaluation (CE) Aspect 1: Conclusion: In this experiment we discovered three types of chemical reactions, Single and Double Replacement reactions, along with Neutralization Reaction. Referring to Data in Aspect 2 & 3 of Data Collection and Processing, we can see there were 5 single replacement reactions, and 4 double replacement reactions (one of which was a neutralization reaction). The reactions involving an element and a compound were all single replacement reactions, and the reaction involving two compounds were double replacements (which included a neutralization reaction). Aspect 2: Evaluate the Procedure: A problem with this procedure is that it doesn’t explore all types of chemical reactions. Also, try as one may, it is sometimes difficult to get the residue of a substance off the spot plate. This tampers with results. Aspect 3 Improving Experimental Design: A few more reactions should be added where simple composition and decomposition are shown. Also, using the Bunsen burner, a reaction should be added where hydrocarbon combustion is shown. Disposable spot plates should be used, to ensure that residue left by previous reactants and reactions, do not tamper with results.

Zen Style

Zen Interior Design is a way of designing a space through meditative concepts in an attempt of giving the space a feel of enlightenment. The definition of this design is ambiguous compared to the other discipline in Interior Design. According to Shaolin-Wahnam Institute (n. d. , para 1) Zen basically means â€Å"meditation†. Meditation promotes flow of energy which is translated into space with Zen Interior Design. Over all design emulates a mind who is in an enlightened state, clearing it from the unnecessary load giving it harmony. The design strategy is to conform a space in such a way that it would be like a concrete picture of a mind will look like when it reaches a harmonious state. Origin Zen design was developed in China and spread into Japan in the twelfth century it gave its name to a style of Japanese architecture that was based in one of China’s dynasty called Song; the earliest recorded Zen design architecture was Jizodo Shokofuji (1404). Such influence came to existence because at that time the wide use of Zen Buddhism was rampant. If you would study the culture of Japan, Zen Buddhism is embedded everywhere. Moffett, Fazio, and Wodehouse, 2003, chap 4) Zen is also seen as similarly associated with the concept of Feng Shui which in English is literally â€Å"wind† and â€Å"water†. Feng Shui follows certain rules and principles that are sometimes thought of as practical solutions in order to keep the correct ch’i of the space. In Zen, the ultimate purpose of design is meditation that results in harmony and balance. Feng Shui aims to correct the living conditions in order to promote physical and psychological well-being to the dweller. Marie T. , Feng Shui simplified, para 3) Design Techniques Zen in Interior designing has no standard rule. Design is being done in the context of harmony. Its application is limitless in terms of space; it can be done for a whole house. An isolated room or even a space in you work area. It can be applied through the choice of color palette, space management and space use. All of this can be done be keeping it to what is just essential and natural. That is why Zen is often affiliated with the minimalist design. Colors are kept natural and limited, trying to keep it as light and as close to nature as possible. Strong colors must be kept at bay and everything that can be seen should be relaxing to the eye. Spaces ought to be open and free, up to the point that the designer should induce the illusion of it. Strategically placing mirrors and windows that will help spread light is one of the known strategies to achieve this. Allowing the space to be simple and close to its use is another technique often applied in this type of design. Applying Zen to Interior Decorating, para 1) Modern Developments Zen design is currently widely used in the industry of Interior Design. It was again largely noticed in the recent years entering 21st century. In residential homes it is simply not utilized for its beauty and charm but it gives the dweller a personal space as their own sanctuary, from today’s common busy lifestyle. (Mcevoy, Interior Design Style, para 5). Not only that, today’s housing especially in most of the South East Asian are getting smaller. With this kind of design on these houses a lot of issues can be addressed. Dwellers will be comfortably situated in their houses even if space is limited. The business sector benefits from this as well. Their commercial and industrial facilities, adapt some of its design because its parameters contribute to a lot of things like efficiency of flow in a workspace and improvement of or working environment. To them it affects the worker’s psyche which entails operation cost reduction, which is has a great impact to businesses.

Free Essays on Freedom of Being Undeclared

Freedom of Being Undeclared Attending college can broaden one’s views unlike many other experiences. There are so many different educational experiences, career paths, and life choices extended by going to college that everyone who attends should definitely get the most they possibly can out of it. After all, college lays down the foundation for a career, which you will perform for 40 hours a week for the rest of your life. Going to college is very expensive and time consuming. The decision between changing college majors and attending college for a couple of additional years, or working in a field of little interest or excitement to you is not one that many people wish to confront. But there is one way to avoid this situation while at the same time enjoying college to the fullest and receiving a very well-rounded education to prepare you for a happy life in your field. Do not declare a major until you are very comfortable with the area you have chosen. Investigate as many fields as possible unti l you find one that suits yourself well and that you can picture yourself working in for a long time to come. That is right, be undeclared until the right field for you has been found. Remaining undeclared until you are comfortable with your chosen area will assist you greatly in achieving a happy life through enjoying your job, broadened views of the world around you, and associating with people with similar interests. Many people are not sure as to what living a happy life consists of. It obviously differs from person to person depending on what they enjoy, what is important to them, and what their interests are. But, to most everyone, living a happy life consists of living freely and letting your true self come out. It does not matter so much what you enjoy or what is important to you. What truly matters is achieving your goals, doing what you enjoy, and therefore living a very fulfilling life. If someone has a passion for... Free Essays on Freedom of Being Undeclared Free Essays on Freedom of Being Undeclared Freedom of Being Undeclared Attending college can broaden one’s views unlike many other experiences. There are so many different educational experiences, career paths, and life choices extended by going to college that everyone who attends should definitely get the most they possibly can out of it. After all, college lays down the foundation for a career, which you will perform for 40 hours a week for the rest of your life. Going to college is very expensive and time consuming. The decision between changing college majors and attending college for a couple of additional years, or working in a field of little interest or excitement to you is not one that many people wish to confront. But there is one way to avoid this situation while at the same time enjoying college to the fullest and receiving a very well-rounded education to prepare you for a happy life in your field. Do not declare a major until you are very comfortable with the area you have chosen. Investigate as many fields as possible unti l you find one that suits yourself well and that you can picture yourself working in for a long time to come. That is right, be undeclared until the right field for you has been found. Remaining undeclared until you are comfortable with your chosen area will assist you greatly in achieving a happy life through enjoying your job, broadened views of the world around you, and associating with people with similar interests. Many people are not sure as to what living a happy life consists of. It obviously differs from person to person depending on what they enjoy, what is important to them, and what their interests are. But, to most everyone, living a happy life consists of living freely and letting your true self come out. It does not matter so much what you enjoy or what is important to you. What truly matters is achieving your goals, doing what you enjoy, and therefore living a very fulfilling life. If someone has a passion for...

A Guide to Conjugating Battre (to Beat)

A Guide to Conjugating Battre (to Beat) The French word battre means to beat. (The reflexive se battre means to fight, as does the verb combattre.) It is an irregular -re verb, meaning youll have to memorize the conjugations, rather than rely knowing on the regular -re conjugation pattern. How to Conjugate the French Verb Battre You can start as you would when conjugating a regular -re verb and determine the stem by dropping the -re (batt-). Heres where things deviate from a regular verb: In the present tense, the singular forms also drop the second t. These charts show you how to conjugate this irregular verb. (Other verbs that include battre, like  abattre, combattre  and dà ©battre, also follow this irregular pattern.) Present Future Imperfect Present Participle je bats battrai battais battant tu bats battras battais il bat battra battait nous battons battrons battions vous battez battrez battiez ils battent battront battaient Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je batte battrais battis battisse tu battes battrais battis battisses il batte battrait battit battt nous battions battrions battmes battissons vous battiez battriez batttes battissiez ils battent battraient battirent battissent   Ã‚  Imperative(tu)bats(nous)battons(vous)battez How to Use  Battre  in the Past Tense Though this is a lesson about simple conjugation, its important to touch on the compound tense passà © composà ©, as it is the most common way to put something in the past tense in French. For battre, the auxiliary verb is avoir and the past participle is battu. For example: Il a battu les oeufs avec une fourchette.He beat the eggs with a fork.

Managerial Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managerial Decision Making - Essay Example While analyzing any complex problem identifying the constituent parts is critical. These parts need to be workable and of decidable size. When the broken down parts get solved the entire problem gets solved. Thirdly, while finance and the monetary gains are the primary focus of the analysis, it would also help in realizing the advantages of cornering a dominant share in the market in Greece, dissuading competition and slowly easing them out if they do have any market share. Finally, the objective of the exercise would be to increase the monetary benefit the company gains. A decision tree was done based on the case study provided and on the assumptions indicated above. Maximizing the monetary benefit is the objective. Therefore the factors that need to be considered for the decision tree analysis will be: Based on the table above, the influencing parameters like price or discount factors in terms of 20% free capsules both amount to the same. And hence for analysis purposes, they can be combined and visualized. The monetary gain has been calculated and filled in based on the information provided in the Expected Monetary Value section. The decision tree is drawn based on this data set. The influence of the generic producers of Product X has not been considered as that is an in-determinant. Based on the d P: Probability of Occurrence V: Value M: Million EMV: Expected Monetary Value (Please see calculations below) Figure 1: Decision Tree Structure Based on the decision tree diagram, four major options are identified and are analyzed for their feasibility. Further analysis is done based on these four for further fine tuning and

Case Study 1-3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

1-3 - Case Study Example Due to the increase in the market pressure, the company focussed on its information technology (IT) department to provide information regarding the changing trend of the customers and increase the cross selling of the offerings. The key problem associated with the company is related to the use of different IT applications. The lack of importance towards customer relationship management (CRM) and IT system was the major factor which was critically affecting the company. Canyon Ranch had a conventional approach towards the use of information systems to ensure business effectiveness. Computerized Lodging Systems (CLS) was implemented in the company to keep a track of the customers. In order to monitor the customer preferences, Guestware software application was implemented. Correspondingly, the issue faced was that no proper integration was being established between the CLS and the Guestware. Moreover, the person who acts as a coordinator in the company was not being able to provide rel evant information on time and also did not have information related to the business ahead of time. Also, the firm did not have any Point of Sale (POS) in any of the restaurants and salons for the purchase of the goods. The key motive of the Canyon Ranch has been to increase the footfall and the level of customer satisfaction through efficient service deliverance. Therefore, the company needs to incorporate a management strategy to increase the customer relations effectively. The company through the development of IT would be able to enhance the service deliverance and tracking (Applegate & Piccoli, 2004). The company Canyon Ranch is renowned in the industry as gold standard and thus commanded a service rate of 25% to 30% greater than the other destination spas. The unique value proposition of providing health and healing in Canyon Ranch which was supporting its increased market presence, was being followed by other spas. The day spa was taking into consideration the features

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 115

Summary - Essay Example At last, Africa came to light with the emergence of nationalist such as Kwame Nkhurumah of Ghana and Nelson Mandela of South Africa. South Africa was able to elect its first black president in 1994 after a long spell of foreign leadership (Murithi, 132). The intensity of Apartheid reduced as a result of the new era of leadership. The late 21 century was a symbol of a peaceful era as the world began transforming from world war era to an era of peace among independent nations. The transformation was signified by the end of a cold war between the USSR and the United States signed by US president George Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev of USSR. The rebirth of the new era saw Africa through its struggle for independence and ushered a period of development. Africa has since gone a mile ahead with the improvement of the education system, technology and communication. Africa is currently able to host major events such as the Olympics and the world cup. Africa had undergone a lot of hostility in the past thus it was anticipated by many people that it would be hard for Africa to transform but it has responded well to the changes and currently considers all the past events as historical part of the new

Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared Touch Screen

Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared Touch Screen Touch-screen is an electronic visual display that can find the existence and location of a touch inside the display area. The term just like direct to touching the display of the device with a hand or finger. Touch-screens can also fell other passive objects, such as a stylus. But, if the object find is animate, as a light pen, the term touch-screen is usually not applicable. The touch-screen has two main characteristically. First, touch-screen applies one to interaction straightly with what is showed, instead of indirectly with a cursor controlled by a mouse or touchpad. Second, touch-screen lets one do so without demand any intermediate device that would require to be maintain in the hand. This display can be close to computers or to networks as a terminal. They also perform as an outstanding role in the design of digital tackles such as the PDA (personal digital assistant), satellite navigation devices, mobile phone, video games and etc. (Dictionary of Architectural and Building Technology 4 Edition, 2004) History In 1971, the first touch sensor was exploited by Doctor Sam Hurst (founder of Elographics) at the time he was an instructor at the University of Kentucky. He had given this sensor a name, Elograph, been patented by The University of Kentucky Research Foundation. Dr. Sam Hurst (left) the founder of Touch-screen. (Elotouch, 2009) The Elograph was not transparent like modern touch screens; but it was a distinguished landmark in touch screen technology. In 1974, the first really touch screen bring in a transparent surface was exploited by Sam Hurst and Elographics. In 1977, Elographics exploited and patented five-wire resistance technology, the most popular touch-screen technology use today. Touch-screens firstly obtained some visibility with the creation of the computer-assisted learning terminal, which are come out in 1975 as a part of the PLATO project. Soon afterwards, touch-screens have become intimate in daily life. Most of the companies use touch-screens for kiosk system in retail and travel settings, POS system, ATMs system, PDAs, with a stylus is sometimes used to control the user interface or to enter data. The prestige of smart phones, PDAs, portable game console and varies types of information appliances is manipulation the requirements for, and accepting of touch-screens. The first touch-screen on the world, Elograph. (Elotouch, 2009) From 1979-1985, the Fairlight CMI (and Fairlight CMI IIx) was a high-end musical sample and resynthesis workstation that exploit light pen technology, with the user would distribute and control sample and synthesis data, as well as feeder different menu within its OS by touching the screen with the light pen. The latest Fairlight series III models, the place of light pen had used a graphics tablet. The HP-150 from 1983 was the one worlds earliest commerce touch-screen computer. The touch-screen monitor didnt have a touch-screen in the strict sense; while it had a 9 inch Sony Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) encircled by infrared transmitters and receivers, which are controlled by the position of any non-transparent objects on the screen. Until nowadays, most consumer touch-screens can only sense one point of contact at one time, and some had the ability to sense how hard one is touching. This is the time to make changes with the commercialization of multi-touch technology. Touch-screens computer are popular used in hospitality, and in heavy industry, as well as kiosks such as museum displays or room automation, where normal computer input device such as keyboard and mouse do not allow a suitable intuition, fast response, or accurate interactive by the user with the displays content. Historically, the touch-screen transducer and its accompanying controller-based firmware have been made available by a wide array of after-market system integrators, and not by display, chip, or motherboard manufacturers. Display and chip manufacturers worldwide have recognition the tendency in regard to accepting of touch-screens as a highly advisable user interface module and have began to integrate touch-screen feature into the main design of their products. (Elotouch, 2009) Touch-screen Technologies I have read many journals and search from the internet about this topic, and I found that there have variety types of touch screen technology using in different area start from 1971. Below is the type of touch-screen technology. Resistive Resistive touch-screen panel is build up of some layers, the most important layers of the resistive touch-screen panel which are two thin, that is metallic and electrically conductive layers dissociate by a narrow disparity. When an object, like a finger or a light pen, check down on a point on the resistive touch-screen panels outward surface, the two metallic layers will become as a connected at that point: the panel will conducts as a pair of voltage dividers with connected outputs. This is because a change in the electrical current, which is enroll as a touch incident and sent to the controller for processing. Surface acoustic wave Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology is using ultrasonic waves to pass through the touch-screen panel. When an object like finger or light pen touched the panel, a part of the wave is absorption. This transform in the ultrasonic waves registers the situation of the touch incident and forwards the information to the controller for processing. Surface acoustic wave touch screen panels can be damaged by foreign elements. Pollutants on the surface will be also interfering with the function of the touch-screen. (Touch System 2009) Capacitive A capacitive touch-screen panel constitute of an insulator such as glass, spread with a transparent conductor like ITO (indium tin oxide). As we know, human body also is a conductor, with using human body touch the surface of the screen contents in a distortion of the bodys static electricity part, measure as a transform in electric capacity. Different technologies may be used to define the position of the touch. The position is use to send information to the controller for processing. (I-techcompany, 2009) Surface capacitance Surface capacitance in the basic technology, only have one side of the insulator is spread with a conduct electricity layer. A small voltage is utilized to the layer, effecting in an identical static electricity part. When a conductor, like a humans finger, touches at the uncoated surface, capacitor is the formation of dynamic. The touch-screen sensors controller can define the position of the touch indirectly from the transform in the capacitance as measured from the each nook of the panel. As the surface capacitance has no moving fields, it is moderate degree durable but has finite resolution, is tend to fake semaphore from parasitism capacitive coupling, and requires adjustment during fabricate. Therefore, it is most frequently used in basic applications such as kiosks and industrial controls. (I-techcompany, 2009) Projected capacitance Projected Capacitive Touch (PCT) technology is a capacitance technology which excises more preciseness and quick operational, by etching the conduct electricity layer. An X-Y gridiron is formation whether etching a single layer to form a gridiron method of electrodes, or by etching two part, vertical layers of conduct electricity material with parallel lines or tracks to form the grid (compare to the pixels gridiron found in variety of LCD displays). The greatest resolution of PCT giving permission to manipulate without direct connection, so the conduct electricity layers can be spread with further conservative insulator layers, and running indeed under screen protectors, peradventure back weather and vandal-proof mirror. Proper to the peak layer of a PCT entity mirror, PCT is a better right measure answer to resistive touch technology. Fell back on the execution, an active or passive stylus can used to cover for or in enhance to a human body, finger. This is familiar with POS equipment that demands to the signal that snatches up. Gloved fingers can or cant be perceived, fell back on the execution and obtain settings. Smudginess on the conductor it can impede with the performances. The example of the smudginess on the conductor mostly come from rheumy or sweatiness fingers cusp, especially in high wateriness circumstance. Collected dust, which adhesively on the surface relevant to the hydrosphere from finger cusp also will be a p roblem. The two types of PCT: Self Capacitance and Mutual Capacitance. (Planarembeddred, 2010) Mutual Capacitance The capacitor at every junction of each column and each row, it is Mutual Capacitive sensors. In a 12-by-20 array, for example, it would have 240 self-governed capacitors. Voltage is appliance to each row or each columns conductor. Bringing a human body like finger or conductive stylus contiguous to the exterior of the sensor transforms the local static domain which recede the mutual capacitance. The capacitance transforms at each of the singlehanded conductor on the lattice can be estimate to exactly mensuration the sense the position by determine the voltage in the each datum line. Mutual capacitance empowers multi-touch control where multi-ply fingers, thenar or stylus can be exactly follow up the scent at the same time. (Planarembeddred, 2010) Self Capacitance Self capacitance sensors actually same like mutual capacitance sensors, both of them have same horizontal and vertical grid but the rows and column each is operate autocephaly. Self capacitance can able to load a human body like finger and light pen on each row or each column electric pole by a electrical current meter. The advantages for this method is it able to engender a strongest signal compare with mutual capacitance, but the disadvantages is it cant accurately resolve more than one finger, as a result in ghosting, or mislay position catching. (Planarembeddred, 2010) Infrared The infrared touch-screen uses an array of X-Y infrared light-emitting-diode (LED) and photo detector to match circumambience border of the interface to find out an interrupt in method of the LED horizontal beam. The main advantage for this system is it able to detect basically of any input, comprising a human body, finger, glove finger, stylus or a pen. Infrared touch-screen is ordinary widely used in outdoor application; ATM and point-of-sale (POS) system which are unable depend on a bare finger to activating the touch-screen. Infrared touch-screen is different with the capacitive touch-screens, it doesnt need any fix design on the glass to increasing the durability and optics perspicuity of the entirely system. (I-techcompany, 2009) Strain gauge The configuration of the strain gauge, also known as the strength of panel technology, the screen is spring-mounted at the four corners and strain gauges are installed to determine the deflection during the screen is touched. This technology has been existed from 60 years since the 20th century, but Vissumo and F-Origin have to make new feature in the business possible solution. Strain gauge also able to measures the Z-axis and the strength of a persons touched. This screen is usually used to expose the public system, for example ticket machines due to its obstruction to damage. (Wisegeek, 2010) Optical imaging Optical imaging is a more modern evolution touch-screen technology, it able to capture two or more image sensors which are placed around the border of the screen. An infrared back lights was install in the camera scene which are used to capture the images on the other side of the screen. Each of the touch will display as a shadow and the task for the camera is use to triangle and locates the touch or even step to the size of the touching object. Optical imaging is a technology which growing in prestige, because to its scalability, multifunction, and affordability, mostly for a buff units. (Wisegeek, 2010) Dispersive signal technology Dispersive signal technology was release in 2002 and introduced by 3M, this touch-screen is using the sensors to determine the mechanical energy on the screen that occurrence because to a touch. This technology is using intricacy algorithms to explanation the information offering the actual position of the touch. The most powerful feature for this technology is its wont compensation to be unaffected by dist or dust and any other external elements, such as scratches. This technology doesnt have any additional element adding on the screen but it also enable to provide a distinction optical clarity. Apart from that, the mechanical vibration is using to determine a touch happening, any device also able use to engender such happening, such as human body, finger and also stylus. The disadvantages for this technology are the system is unable to determine a stirless finger after the initial touch. (Wisegeek, 2010) Acoustic pulse recognition Acoustic pulse recognition was release in 2006 and introduced by Tyco Internationals Elo division, this technology was using piezoelectric sensors situated at several locations which are around the screens and use to convert the mechanical energy of a touch, also call as vibration into an electronic signal. This technology screen hardware is same like dispersive signal technology which are using algorithm to detect the actual position of the touch depend on the sensors signal. The generally material to made the touch-screen is glass, it will giving the touch-screen a good durability and optical clarity. Whatever the screen is full with scratches or dust, this technology also able to perform with a good accuracy. Besides that, this touch-screen technology is also good fit to demonstrates that are physical larger. A system which are installing with a dispersive signal technology, the system is unable to determine a stirless finger after the initial touch. But with the same reason above , identification is not interrupt by any remaining objects. (Wisegeek, 2010) Construction There are a lot of majors methods to develop a touch-screen. The mains purpose for the touch-screen is to detect one or more finger or stylus which are touching on a display screen and use to constructing the pragmatic sanction that are representative, also use to convey the pragmatic sanction to the suitable system. For the most popular touch-screen technology, which is capacitive and resistive approach, both of them are usually built by four layers; 1st layer The upper polyester layer spread with a transparent coherer conductive which is spread on the bottom of the layer. 2nd layer This layer is as a spacer which is built by adhesive. 3rd layer The main material for this layer is glass; we also call this layer as glass layer. Transparent coherer conductive is also spread on the top of the layer. 4th layer Another name for this layer is adhesive layer, it used on reverse side of the glass layer for the installation. When the touch-screen system detects a touch, the system will record all the changes that occur on electrical current which are work through the display or screen. One of the touch-screen technologies which are develop by 3M in 2002, dispersive-signal technology, this technology is focus on piezoelectric effect. This technology will generate the voltage during the mechanism force is exploit to a materials, a chemically situation will happen during a reinforce screen substrate is touches. There are two type of the infrared-based approaches touch-screen technology. One of them, it is using an array of sensor to determine the actual position where a human body, finger is touching or almost touching to the display or the screen, accordingly use to blocking the light beams projected cross over the display. Another infrared-based touch-screen technology is operate with a infrared cameras which is install on the bottom layer of the screen and use to record each of the touch which are happen on the display or screen. In each of the situation, the touch-screen system will detect each of the meaningful pragmatic sanctions depends on the operation which is display on the screen during the time and the actual position of the touch. (Ipod Touch Fans, 2010) Development Practically each of the distinguished touch-screen technology patents were submitted in the 1970s and 1980s and already expired. Touch-screen package manufacturing and goods programming is no more guarantee by royalties or legitimacy with concerning to patent and nowadays the manufacturing extensive applying touch-screen technology display on several types of devices. The evolvement of multitasking of touch-screen convenience is used to tracking touching by one or more than one human body, finger or stylus on the screen, therefore the touch-screen operations that need more than one finger are probability. Besides that, this touch-screen devices support more than one user to interaction with the touch-screen at the same times. Nowadays, there are a lot of products is apply with the high-tech and integrate touch-screen technology in the world. With the fast growing and acceptance by public, the inconsequential cost for the touch-screen technology is consuetude draw into the device that is included touch-screen technology and is potentially eliminated. As generally happen with any technology before, touch-screen technology include software and hardware have sufficiently ripped and was perfectly survive in the world over more than thirty years based on the point which is its reliability is certify. There is why, nowadays so many system or product are applied with touch-screen technology, such as Global Positioning System (GPS), airplanes, mobile phone, gaming console, ticketing system, machine control system, utensil, and each type of handheld devices. With the influence of the touch-screen technology, Apple Inc. has developed a mobile phone which is fulfilling with multi-touch technology and gives it a name as iPhone. By the releases of the iPhone, it had motivated the touch-screen mobile phone market and with the estimate it had bring in around US$5 billion in 2009. The capability of the touch-screen technology to preciseness location of the point on the screen itself is also advancement with the rising of graphics tablet or screen hybrids. (Wikipedia, 2010) Ergonomics and usage From the journal Prometheus Critical Studies in Innovation, 2007, which are publisher by Routldge, I founded there are many ergonomics and usage about touch-screen. As following: Finger Stress Touch-screen technology has an ergonomic trouble and become a stress on human fingers for them which are during a user employed more than a few minute at a time, from important overwhelming force can be needs for some types of touch-screen. As we know, nowadays touch-screen technology already as a craze technology and continues to growing, therefore the community is going through a lot more finger pressure. There have a lot of ways to emission this problem, such as some of the users will use a pen or some other devices to add exploit and more preciseness on the pointing. The exploitation of this kind device cans sometimes giving trouble, which are according to the required use. For example, public kiosks like ATM machine. Fine motor control is better realizing working with a stylus. That is because a human finger is a quite wide and careless pointing of connecting with the touch-screen itself. (Prometheus Critical Studies in Innovation, 2007) Fingernail as Stylus From a science novelette short story Scanners Live in Van which is written by Cordwainer Smith (Pen Linebarger) in 1950, it is mentioning about using fingernail as stylus for easier typing. The idea of using fingernail as a stylus pruned to from a point on the screen, to be particularly used as a stylus on writing screen for communication. These ergonomics problem of immediacy touching can be bypass by using a distinct skill, provided that the user fingernail are either short or long. Instead of touching by using soft skin of an extended fingernail, whatever the finger is curly but the top of the fingernail are able be used instead. From the underneath, the thumb finger is optional used as a supporter for the user finger or for the user who have long fingernails. This method is work on most touch-screen technology, but it didnt work on capacitive touch-screens. As we know, fingernails are hard, bending appearance contact the screen at a very small point. So, the finger just needs a much less for touching, even bigger accurateness is probable (propinquity that of a stylus, with a little bit of experience), not to mention skins oil will spread on the screen, the fingernail able to dumbly move over the touch-screen with only a very small hindrance, empower to writing text, selecting, drawing or moving windows. Fingernail is hardness and smoothness same like the top of a stylus that is because human fingernails contain of keratin and it wills not usually scratches or damage the touch-screen. In turn, it is available for a very short stylus top, which is able cunning correctly into end of the finger; this method will increasing the visibility of the appearance point on the touch-screen. (Prometheus Critical Studies in Innovation, 2007) Fingerprints Touch-screen able sustain from the issue of fingerprints on the appearance. This issue can be extenuate or prevent by using of staff with optical thins skin layout to mitigated the evident influence of fingers oils. For example, the oleophobic used to spreading in the iPhone 3GS, or by mitigated skin contact during using a finger nail or stylus. (Prometheus Critical Studies in Innovation, 2007) This is USB finger print which is using touch-screen technology. (Gabget Venue, 2009) Combined with Haptics Most users empirical with touch-screen which are dont have tactile feedback or tactual sensation can be a trouble depends on latencies or other method. Base on the research from University in Glasgow Scotland which are handle by Brewster, Chohan and Brown on 2007, the illustrate the specimen users deduct input error by 20%, increase data input speed by 20%, and minimize user acknowledge load by 40% during touch-screen are integrate with tactual sensation or tactual feedback. (Prometheus Critical Studies in Innovation, 2007) Gorilla Arm Base on the hacker slang dictionary, Jargon File, its define Gorilla Arm as the miscarriage to realize the ergonomics of perpendicular installed touch-screen for long time used. The advocate is that human body, arm held in a not supported standard location speedy turn into knackered and suffering, this call Gorilla Arm. It is usually citation as a surface evidence sample of what is not able to done in ergonomic. Perpendicular touch-screen still dictates in most system such as ATMs and data kiosks about the usage is also informality as an n ergonomics issue. Indisposed may be conformation by previously lousy position and shrivel of muscular system conformation by finite physics practice. Meticulous Art Printer is also a usually control the neck and shoulder painful depend on their position and the repeatability of their propulsion when they are painting. (Prometheus Critical Studies in Innovation, 2007) Touch Screen Mobile Phones Several years ago, everyone and their brother was talking about or playing with the Blackberry. It did not matter which make or model but people were simply intrigued by the features that Blackberry offered with its scrolling wheel, full qwerty keyboard, wide variety of applications available from the Handango store on the phone. However through the natural process of evolution, the world has become blessed with a new kind of phone, a phone which truly changes the world of mobile phones, we are blessed with the touch screen mobile phone. Originally the iPhone was the one and only phone out on the market which allowed users to use the power of their finger to control every aspect of the phone, rather than being imprisoned by a track wheel, or the newer more improved track ball. After the iPhone was originally released newer versions of the iPhone have come out in the 3G as well as the soon to come in the 3G S. These days however Apple is not the only company manufacturing these touch screen mobile phones, blackberry as well as several other notable phone companies have followed suit. If you asked a group of ten people which touch screen phone is the best, it is expected for the person to say the iPhone , unless of course they hold some sort of grudge against the phone due to the fact that is is currently only available on ATT. Regardless of your choice for the best touch screen phone on the market, you must always weight the pros and cons of each before you make a decision to buy or not to buy. Pros Simple to use, if you want to use it, touch it, and do the same if you are interested in closing it. Visually pleasing to look at. You never have to see the full keyboard that you are typing on, rather you are able to type onto the phone when you want to, in both upright and landscape modes. These days everyone and their brother is holding onto an iPhone the same way they used to hold onto Blackberries. The verdict? People arent using them for no reason, they are fun to use, and draw a certain amount of attention to the user. Cons The glass screen has the possibility of breaking even upon the slightest impact from a high distance. Odds are that if you are a person who is constantly dropping his or her phone, you should stay away from these touch screen phones, most of which do not offer insurance. The built in digital keyboard can be hard to get adjusted to especially if you are not used to typing on any sort of QWERTY keyboard. This is a quick fix for most, but it is something to think about if you are not comfortable with hitting imaginary buttons. Finally, these phones tend to be a bit more expensive than the other phones in their bracket, but the old adage stands true, you get what you pay for, and its recommended that you try one of the touch screen mobile phones out. At the end of the day, everyone has their own idea of a best phone, or the best phone carrier. However the one thing that everyone can agree on is the fact that these touch screen mobile phones are truly revolutionary and within the next five years we will not have any such phone that is not a touch screen. If you have been hesitant to make the jump so far, it is recommended that you head to your local phone retailer, and at least play around with these touch screen devices. Odds are, you will be pretty surprised with the results. http://hubpages.com/hub/Touch-Screen-Mobile-Phones Advantages and Disadvantages of touch Screen From the journal and the internet resource that I read, I founded some advantage and disadvantage of using touch-screen. The disadvantage for touch-screen device is it required a really big screen to avoid mistake when touching with human finger. Besides that, larger screen will bring low battery life effect. Normally touch-screen devices dont have any extra keys, such as iPhone. Therefore, when the application collapse but without collapse the OS, so user cant reach main menu when the screen is no response. Apart from that, touch-screen normally has lousy preciseness, QWERTY keyboards had known as an extra device. Most of the user-interface for touch-screen device is no optimization for thumb control, so user require and other device like stylus to control the application. User usually using their finger o touching the screen to control the touch-screen application, so this will make the screen get dirty and need to clean it up in certain time to prevent loss control. Lastly, touch-screen device require complex application to support, so it will slow down the response time and gain low battery life. The advantage for touch-screen is it has a large screen which giving a good view for web browsing, picture or movies. Apart from that, typically touch-screen application has a simple user-interface which is more intuitive. This will gain user easy understanding when using the touch-screen device. iPhone mobile which are develop by Mac Ins. Is a good example to represent simple user-interface. Lastly, each of the touch-screen devices has some button is able to smash down after using a few months or years. (John Popes, 2010) Conclusion Touch-screens have been around since the 60s. But it had just recently started to gain popularity and consumer markets. Nowadays, its pretty normal for most electronic devices, for example computer systems or entertainment systems to include a monitor. Users can interact it by using a mouse or keyboard to send input but with the implementation of this technology into these applications, it allows users to manipulate the systems through touching the monitor itself. Though the touch-screen technology contains some limitations, such as low precision when users use finger or the user must be within arms reach of the display, its user friendly, accurate, and easy to operate. With the implementation of touch-screens technology in different applications such as in the medical or military system, it will enhance the human machine interface experience. As the accuracy and intuitiveness of the screen increases, they will become even more common than they already are for the ease of use they provided. Proper development of this technology will surely bring a lot more benefits to users in near future. The touch-screen technology is keys to achieving and realizing e-navigation.